Indlela amaseli elanga asebenza ngayo

Amaseli elanga amunce ukukhanya kwelanga ukukhiqiza imisebenzi yamabhethri ajwayelekile. Kodwa ngokungafani namabhethri endabuko, i-voltage ephumayo namandla amakhulu okukhiphayo amabhethri endabuko alungisiwe, kuyilapho i-voltage ephumayo, yamanje, namandla amaseli elanga ahlobene nezimo zokukhanyisa kanye nezindawo zokusebenza zokulayisha. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukusebenzisa amaseli elanga ukukhiqiza ugesi, kufanele uqonde ubudlelwano bamanje nogesi kanye nesimiso sokusebenza samaseli elanga.

Ukukhanya kwe-spectral kokukhanya kwelanga:

Umthombo wamandla wamangqamuzana elanga ukukhanya kwelanga, ngakho ukuqina nobubanzi besigameko sokukhanya kwelanga kunquma amandla amanje kanye namandla kagesi ngeseli lelanga. Siyazi ukuthi uma into ibekwe ngaphansi kwelanga, ithola ukukhanya kwelanga ngezindlela ezimbili, enye ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile, kanti enye iwukusabalalisa ukukhanya kwelanga ngemva kokuhlakazwa ezinye izinto phezu komhlaba. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, ukukhanya kwesigameko esiqondile kubala cishe u-80% wokukhanya okutholwe iseli lelanga. Ngakho-ke, ingxoxo yethu elandelayo izogxila nasekuchayekeni ngokuqondile elangeni.

Amandla nobubanzi bokukhanya kwelanga kungavezwa nge-spectrum irradiance, okungamandla okukhanya ngeyunithi ngayinye ubude beyunithi yendawo ngayinye (W/㎡um). Amandla okukhanya kwelanga (W/㎡) yisamba sawo wonke amaza wamaza okukhanya kwe-spectrum. Ukukhanya kwe-spectrum kokukhanya kwelanga kuhlobene nendawo elinganisiwe kanye ne-engeli yelanga ehlobene nobuso bomhlaba. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukukhanya kwelanga kuzomuncwa futhi kuhlakazwe umkhathi ngaphambi kokuba kufinyelele emhlabeni. Izici ezimbili zesikhundla ne-engeli ngokuvamile zimelelwa yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi isisindo somoya (AM). Ukuze uthole ukukhanya kwelanga, i-AMO ibhekisela esimweni esingaphandle lapho ilanga likhanya ngokuqondile. Ukukhanya kwayo kucishe kulingane ne-1353 W/㎡, ecishe ilingane nomthombo wokukhanya okhiqizwe imisebe ye-blackbody enezinga lokushisa elingu-5800K. I-AMI ibhekisela esimweni esisebusweni bomhlaba, lapho ilanga likhanya ngokuqondile, amandla okukhanya angaba ngu-925 W/m2. I-AMI.5 ibhekisela esimweni esisebusweni bomhlaba, lapho ilanga lenzeka nge-engeli engu-45 degrees, amandla okukhanya angaba ngu-844 W/m2. I-AM 1.5 ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukumela ukukhanya okumaphakathi kokukhanya kwelanga emhlabeni. Imodeli yesekethe ye-solar:

Uma kungenakukhanya, iseli lelanga liziphatha njenge-pn junction diode. Ubudlelwano be-voltage yamanje ye-diode efanelekile bungavezwa ngokuthi

Lapho ngimelela khona i-current, u-V umele i-voltage, Ingabe i-saturation current, kanye ne-VT=KBT/q0, lapho i-KB imele i-BoItzmann engaguquki, u-q0 imele iyunithi yokushaja kagesi, kanti u-T yizinga lokushisa. Ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, VT=0.026v. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isiqondiso se-Pn diode yamanje ichazwa ukuthi igeleza isuka ku-P-type iye kohlobo lwe-n kudivayisi, futhi amanani alungile noma angalungile we-voltage achazwa njengamandla okuphela kohlobo lwe-P. khipha amandla wetheminali yohlobo lwe-n. Ngakho-ke, uma le ncazelo ilandelwa, lapho i-solar cell isebenza, inani layo le-voltage lihle, inani layo lamanje alilungile, futhi ijika le-IV liku-quadrant yesine. Abafundi kumele bakhunjuzwe lapha ukuthi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-diode ekahle kusekelwe ezimeni eziningi zomzimba, futhi ama-diode angempela ngokwemvelo azoba nezinto ezithile ezingezinhle ezithinta ubuhlobo bamanje nogesi wedivayisi, njenge-generation-recombination current, lapha Sizokwenza' sixoxe kakhulu. Lapho iseli yelanga ivezwa ekukhanyeni, kuzoba ne-photocurrent ku-pn diode. Ngenxa yokuthi indawo kagesi eyakhelwe ngaphakathi yendawo yokuhlangana ye-pn isuka ohlotsheni luka-n iye kohlobo luka-p, amapheya e-electron-hole akhiqizwe ukumuncwa kwama-photon azogijima aye ngasekugcineni kohlobo luka-n, kuyilapho izimbobo zizogijima ziye ngase-p. - uhlobo ukuphela. I-photocurrent eyakhiwe yilaba ababili izogeleza isuka ku-n-type iye kohlobo lwe-p. Ngokuvamile, indlela eya phambili yamanje ye-diode ichazwa njengokugeleza kusuka ku-p-uhlobo kuya kohlobo lwe-n. Ngale ndlela, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-diode ekahle, i-photocurrent ekhiqizwa iseli yelanga lapho ikhanyisiwe ingumsinga ongemuhle. Ubudlelwano bamanje ne-voltage yeseli yelanga yi-diode ekahle kanye ne-IL ye-photocurrent IL, ubukhulu bayo buyi:

Ngamanye amazwi, uma kungekho ukukhanya, IL = 0, iseli yelanga liyi-diode evamile nje. Uma iseli lelanga lifushane, okungukuthi, V=0, i-short-circuit current ithi Isc=-IL. Okusho ukuthi, lapho i-solar cell is short-circuited, i-short-circuit current yi-photocurrent ekhiqizwa ukukhanya kwesigameko. Uma i-solar cell iyisekhethi evulekile, okungukuthi, uma i-I=0, i-voltage yesifunda evulekile ithi:

Umfanekiso 2. Isekethe elinganayo yeseli yelanga: (a) ngaphandle, (b) enochungechunge nama-shunt resistors. Kumele kugcizelelwe lapha ukuthi i-voltage yesifunda evulekile kanye namanje wesifunda esifushane yimingcele emibili ebalulekile yezici zamaseli elanga.

Ukukhishwa kwamandla kweseli yelanga kuwumkhiqizo wamanje kanye ne-voltage:

Ngokusobala, ukuphuma kwamandla ngeseli yelanga akulona inani elinqunyiwe. Ifinyelela inani eliphakeme endaweni ethile yokusebenza ye-voltage yamanje, futhi amandla aphezulu okukhipha i-Pmax anganqunywa ngokuthi dp/dv=0. Singathola ukuthi i-voltage ephumayo kumandla aphezulu okukhipha i-Pmax yile:

futhi umphumela wamanje uthi:

Amandla aphezulu okukhipha weseli yelanga yilawa:

Ukusebenza kahle kweseli yelanga kubhekisela esilinganisweni seseli yelanga eliguqula iphinikhodi yamandla yesibani sesigameko sibe amandla kagesi aphumayo aphezulu, okungukuthi:

Izilinganiso ezijwayelekile zamaseli elanga zisebenzisa umthombo wokukhanya ofana nokukhanya kwelanga ngephinikhodi=1000W/㎡.

Ngokokuhlola, ubudlelwano bamanje ne-voltage yamaseli elanga abuyilandeli ngokuphelele incazelo yetiyetha engenhla. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi idivayisi ye-photovoltaic ngokwayo inalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukumelana nochungechunge nokuphikiswa kwe-shunt. Kunoma iyiphi impahla ye-semiconductor, noma othintana naye phakathi kwe-semiconductor nensimbi, nakanjani kuyoba nokumelana okukhulu noma okuncane, okuzokwenza ukumelana kochungechunge lwedivayisi ye-photovoltaic. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, noma iyiphi indlela yamanje ngaphandle kwe-Pn diode ekahle phakathi kwama-electrode amahle futhi angalungile edivayisi ye-photovoltaic izobangela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuvuza kwamanje, njenge-generation-recombination current kudivayisi. , imanje yokuhlanganiswa kabusha kwendawo, ukuhlukaniswa konqenqema okungaphelele kocingo, kanye nokuhlangana kokuxhumana kwensimbi.

Ngokuvamile, sisebenzisa ukumelana ne-shunt ukuze sichaze ukuvuza kwamanje kwamaseli elanga, okungukuthi, i-Rsh=V/Ileak. Uma kukhulu ukumelana kwe-shunt, kuncane ukuvuza kwamanje. Uma sicabangela ukumelana okuhlangene kwama-Rs kanye nokumelana kwe-shunt Rsh, ubudlelwano bamanje nogesi weseli yelanga bungabhalwa ngokuthi:

Singasebenzisa futhi ipharamitha eyodwa kuphela, into ebizwa ngokuthi i-fill factor, ukufingqa kokubili imiphumela yochungechunge lokumelana nokumelana ne-shunt. kuchazwe ngokuthi:

Kusobala ukuthi isici sokugcwalisa siphezulu uma kungekho ukumelana kochungechunge futhi ukumelana kwe-shunt akupheli (akukho ukuvuza kwamanje). Noma yikuphi ukwanda kokumelana nochungechunge noma ukwehla kokumelana ne-shunt kuzonciphisa isici sokugcwalisa. Ngale ndlela,. Ukusebenza kahle kwamaseli elanga kungavezwa ngamapharamitha amathathu abalulekile: i-voltage yesifunda evulekile i-Voc, isifunda esifushane i-Isc yamanje, kanye nesici sokugcwalisa esingu-FF.

Ngokusobala, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwe-solar cell, kuyadingeka ukwandisa kanyekanye i-voltage yayo evulekile, i-short circuit current (okungukuthi, i-photocurrent), kanye nesici sokugcwalisa (okungukuthi, ukunciphisa ukumelana nochungechunge nokuvuza kwamanje).

I-voltage yesifunda evulekile kanye nomthamo wesifunda esifushane: Uma sibheka ifomula yangaphambilini, i-voltage yesifunda evulekile yeseli yelanga inqunywa i-photocurrent kanye neseli eligcwele. Ngokombono we-semiconductor physics, i-voltage yesekethe evulekile ilingana nomehluko wamandla e-Fermi phakathi kwama-electron nezimbobo endaweni yokushaja isikhala. Ngokuqondene nokugcwaliswa kwamanje kwe-Pn diode ekahle, ungasebenzisa:

ukuveza. lapho u-q0 umele inkokhiso yeyunithi, i-ni imelela ukugxiliswa kwenkampani yenethiwekhi ye-semiconductor, i-ND kanye ne-NA ngayinye imelela ukugxila komnikeli nomamukeli, i-Dn ne-Dp ngayinye imelela i-coefficient yokusabalalisa yama-electron nezimbobo, inkulumo engenhla ithatha ukuthi n - Icala lapho kokubili uhlobo lwesifunda kanye nesifunda sohlobo lwe-p zombili zibanzi. Ngokuvamile, kumaseli elanga asebenzisa ama-substrates ohlobo lwe-p, indawo yohlobo lwe-n ayishoni kakhulu, futhi inkulumo engenhla idinga ukushintshwa.

Sishilo ngaphambili ukuthi uma iseli lelanga likhanyisiwe, i-photocurrent iyakhiqizwa, futhi i-photocurrent iyisiyingi esivaliwe ebudlelwaneni bamanje-voltage yeseli yelanga. Lapha sizochaza kafushane umsuka we-photocurrent. Izinga lokukhiqiza lezinkampani zenethiwekhi ngevolumu yeyunithi ngesikhathi seyunithi (iyunithi m -3 s -1 ) linqunywa i-coefficient yokumunca ukukhanya, okungukuthi

Phakathi kwazo, u-α umele i-coefficient yokumunca ukukhanya, okuwukushuba kwamafotoni esigameko (noma ukuminyana kwe-photon flux), futhi u-R ubhekisela ku-coefficient yokubonisa, ngakho imele ukushuba kwamafotoni esigameko angaboniswa. Izindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko ezikhiqiza i-photocurrent yilezi: amandla okusabalalisa ama-electron enkampani yenethiwekhi encane endaweni yohlobo lwe-p, amandla okusabalalisa izimbobo zenkampani yenethiwekhi encane endaweni yohlobo lwe-n, kanye nokukhukhuleka kwama-electron nezimbobo endaweni yokushaja isikhala. okwamanje. Ngakho-ke, i-photocurrent ingachazwa ngokuthi:

Phakathi kwazo, i-Ln ne-Lp ngayinye imelela ubude bokusabalalisa kwama-electron endaweni yohlobo lwe-p nezimbobo endaweni yohlobo lwe-n, futhi ububanzi bendawo yokushaja isikhala. Ukufingqa le miphumela, sithola isisho esilula se-voltage yesekethe evulekile:

lapho i-Vrcc imele izinga lokuphinda lihlanganiswe lamapheya e-electron-hole ngevolumu yeyunithi ngayinye. Yiqiniso, lokhu kuwumphumela wemvelo, ngoba i-voltage yesifunda evulekile ilingana nomehluko wamandla we-Fermi phakathi kwama-electron nezimbobo endaweni yokushaja isikhala, futhi umehluko wamandla we-Fermi phakathi kwama-electron nezimbobo unqunywa izinga lokukhiqiza inkampani yenethiwekhi kanye nezinga lokuhlanganisa kabusha. .