Puisano e khutšoanyane ka mefuta ea lisele tsa letsatsi

Matla a letsatsi e kile ea e-ba polokelo ea lifofa-sebakeng tse tsoetseng pele le lisebelisoa tse ling tse majabajaba, empa ha ho sa le joalo. Lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, matla a letsatsi a fetohile ho tloha mohloling o mong oa matla ho ea ho tšiea e kholo ea sebaka sa lefats'e sa matla.

Lefatše le lula le pepesehetse mahlaseli a letsatsi a ka bang 173,000TW, e leng makhetlo a fetang leshome ho feta karolelano ea tlhokahalo ea motlakase lefatšeng ka bophara.

[1] Sena se bolela hore matla a letsatsi a na le bokhoni ba ho khotsofatsa litlhoko tsohle tsa rona tsa matla.

Karolong ea pele ea 2023, tlhahiso ea matla a letsatsi e ne e le 5.77% ea kakaretso ea matla a US, ho tloha ho 4.95% ka 2022.

[2] Leha libeso tsa khale (haholo-holo khase ea tlhaho le mashala) li tla nka karolo ea 60.4% ea tlhahiso ea matla ea US ka 2022,

[3] Empa tšusumetso e ntseng e eketseha ea matla a letsatsi le tsoelo-pele e potlakileng ea theknoloji ea matla a letsatsi e lokeloa ke tlhokomelo.

 

Mefuta ea lisele tsa letsatsi

 

Hajoale, ho na le mekhahlelo e meraro e meholo ea lisele tsa letsatsi (tse tsejoang hape e le lisele tsa photovoltaic (PV)) 'marakeng: kristale, filimi e tšesaane, le theknoloji e hlahang. Mefuta ena e meraro ea libeteri e na le melemo ea eona mabapi le ts'ebetso, litšenyehelo le nako ea bophelo.

 

01 kristale

Boholo ba liphanele tsa letsatsi tse marulelong a matlo li entsoe ka silicon e phahameng ea monocrystalline. Mofuta ona oa betri o fihletse katleho ea ho feta 26% le bophelo ba tšebeletso ea lilemo tse fetang 30 lilemong tsa morao tjena.

[4] Ts'ebetso ea hajoale ea liphanele tsa letsatsi tsa malapa ke hoo e ka bang 22%.

 

Polycrystalline silicon e bitsa chelete e ka tlase ho silicon ea monocrystalline, empa ha e sebetse hantle ebile e phela nako e khuts'oane. Ts'ebetso e tlase e bolela hore ho na le liphanele tse ngata le libaka tse ngata tse hlokahalang.

 

Lisele tsa letsatsi e thehiloeng ho multi-junction gallium arsenide (GaAs) theknoloji e sebetsa hantle ho feta lisele tse tloaelehileng tsa letsatsi. Lisele tsena li na le sebopeho sa mekato e mengata, 'me lera ka leng le sebelisa thepa e fapaneng, joalo ka indium gallium phosphide (GaInP), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) le germanium (Ge), ho monya maqhubu a fapaneng a maqhubu a letsatsi. Le hoja lisele tsena tse nang le mefuta e mengata li lebeletsoe ho finyella katleho e phahameng, li ntse li hlokofatsoa ke litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa tlhahiso le lipatlisiso le tsoelo-pele e sa hōlang, e fokotsang bokhoni ba bona ba khoebo le mekhoa e sebetsang.

 

02 filimi

Lihlahisoa tse ka sehloohong tsa lifilimi tse tšesaane tsa photovoltaic 'marakeng oa lefatše ke li-cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic modules. Limilione tsa li-module tse joalo li kentsoe lefatšeng ka bophara, ka matla a phahameng a ho fehla matla a fetang 30GW. Li sebelisoa haholo-holo bakeng sa phepelo ea motlakase e lekantsoeng United States. fektheri.

 

Theknoloji ena ea filimi e tšesaane, module ea letsatsi ea 1-square-meter e na le cadmium e fokolang ho feta betri ea nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) ea boholo ba AAA. Ho phaella moo, cadmium ka li-modules tsa letsatsi e tlameletsoe ho tellurium, e sa qhibiliheng metsing 'me e lula e tsitsitse mocheso o ka holimo ho 1,200 ° C. Lintlha tsena li fokotsa likotsi tse chefo tsa ho sebelisa cadmium telluride ka libeteri tse tšesaane tsa filimi.

 

Likahare tsa tellurium karolong e ka holimo ea lefatše ke likarolo tse 0.001 feela ho milione. Feela joalokaha platinum e le ntho e sa tloaelehang, ho fumaneha ha tellurium ho ka ama haholo litšenyehelo tsa cadmium telluride module. Leha ho le joalo, hoa khoneha ho fokotsa bothata bona ka mekhoa ea ho tsosolosa.

Ho sebetsa hantle ha li-module tsa cadmium telluride ho ka fihla ho 18.6%, 'me katleho ea betri sebakeng sa laboratori e ka feta 22%. [5] Ho sebelisa arsenic doping ho nka sebaka sa koporo ea koporo, e 'nileng ea sebelisoa ka nako e telele, e ka ntlafatsa haholo bophelo ba module le ho fihla boemong bo ka bapisoang le libeteri tsa kristale.

 

03Litheknoloji tse hlahang

 

Litheknoloji tse ntseng li hlaha tsa photovoltaic tse sebelisang lifilimi tse tšesaane haholo (tse ka tlase ho 1 micron) le mekhoa ea ho beha ka kotloloho li tla fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso le ho fana ka li-semiconductors tsa boleng bo holimo bakeng sa lisele tsa letsatsi. Theknoloji ena e lebelletsoe ho fetoha bahlolisani ba lisebelisoa tse thehiloeng joalo ka silicon, cadmium telluride le gallium arsenide.

 

[6]Ho na le litheknoloji tse tharo tse tsebahalang tsa lifilimi tse tšesaane sebakeng sena: koporo zinc tin sulfide (Cu2ZnSnS4 kapa CZTS), zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) le carbon nanotubes e nang le lebota le le leng (SWCNT). Sebakeng sa laboratori, lisele tsa letsatsi tsa copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) li fihletse katleho e tsotehang ea 22.4%. Leha ho le joalo, ho pheta-pheta maemo a joalo a ts'ebetso molemong oa khoebo e ntse e le phephetso.

[7]Lead halide perovskite lisele tse tšesaane tsa filimi ke theknoloji e khahlang e hlahang ea letsatsi. Perovskite ke mofuta oa ntho e nang le sebopeho se tloaelehileng sa kristale sa foromo ea lik'hemik'hale ABX3. Ke diminerale e mosehla, e sootho kapa e ntšo eo karolo ea eona e kholo e leng calcium titanate (CaTiO3). Lisele tsa letsatsi tse hlahisoang ke k'hamphani ea UK ea Oxford PV ea silicon-scale silicon-based perovskite tandem li fihletse katleho ea rekoto ea 28.6% mme li tla kena tlhahiso selemong sena.

[8]Ka lilemo tse seng kae feela, lisele tsa letsatsi tsa perovskite li fihletse ts'ebetso e ts'oanang le ea lisele tse teng tsa cadmium telluride thin-film. Phuputsong ea pele le nts'etsopele ea libeteri tsa perovskite, nako ea bophelo e ne e le taba e kholo, e khutšoanyane hoo e neng e ka baloa ka likhoeli feela.

Kajeno, lisele tsa perovskite li na le bophelo ba tšebeletso ea lilemo tse 25 kapa ho feta. Hona joale, melemo ea lisele tsa letsatsi tsa perovskite ke ts'ebetso e phahameng ea phetoho (ho feta 25%), litšenyehelo tse tlaase tsa tlhahiso le mocheso o tlaase o hlokahalang bakeng sa tlhahiso ea tlhahiso.

 

Ho aha liphanele tse kopaneng tsa letsatsi

 

Lisele tse ling tsa letsatsi li etselitsoe ho tšoara karolo e itseng feela ea mahlaseli a letsatsi ha li ntse li lumella khanya e bonahalang hore e fete. Lisele tsena tse bonaletsang li bitsoa dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) mme li hlahetse Switzerland ka 1991. Liphetho tse ncha tsa R&D lilemong tsa morao tjena li ntlafalitse ts'ebetso ea li-DSC, 'me e kanna ea se ke ea nka nako e telele pele liphanele tsena tsa letsatsi li tla ba' marakeng.

 

Lik'hamphani tse ling li kenya li-nanoparticles tsa inorganic ka har'a likhalase tsa polycarbonate tsa khalase. Li-nanoparticles tsa theknoloji ena li fetola likarolo tse itseng tsa spectrum ho ea moeling oa khalase, e leng ho lumellang boholo ba mahlaseli ho feta. Khanya e lebisitsoeng pheletsong ea khalase ebe e sebelisoa ke lisele tsa letsatsi. Ho phaella moo, theknoloji ea ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa filimi tse tšesaane tsa perovskite ho lifensetere tse hlakileng tsa letsatsi le ho haha ​​marako a ka ntle ho ntse ho ithutoa.

 

Lisebelisoa tse tala tse hlokahalang bakeng sa matla a letsatsi

Ho eketsa tlhahiso ea matla a letsatsi, tlhokahalo ea merafo ea lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa tse tala tse kang silicon, silevera, koporo le aluminium e tla eketseha. Lefapha la Matla la United States le bolela hore hoo e ka bang 12% ea silicon ea lefats'e ea metallurgical grade (MGS) e etsoa polysilicon bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa letsatsi.

 

China ke sebapali se seholo tšimong ena, e hlahisa hoo e ka bang 70% ea MGS ea lefats'e le 77% ea phepelo ea eona ea polysilicon ka 2020.

 

Mokhoa oa ho fetola silicon ho polysilicon o hloka mocheso o phahameng haholo. Chaena, matla a ts'ebetso ena a tsoa haholo-holo mashala. Xinjiang e na le lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa mashala le litšenyehelo tse tlase tsa motlakase, 'me tlhahiso ea eona ea polysilicon e etsa 45% ea tlhahiso ea lefats'e.

 

[12] Tlhahiso ea liphanele tsa letsatsi e ja hoo e ka bang 10% ea silevera ea lefats'e. Merafo ea silevera e etsahala haholo-holo Mexico, Chaena, Peru, Chile, Australia, Russia le Poland 'me e ka lebisa mathateng a kang tšilafalo ea tšepe e boima le ho falla ka likhoka ha lichaba tsa lehae.

 

Ho rafa koporo le aluminium le hona ho baka mathata a tšebeliso ea mobu. US Geological Survey e hlokomela hore Chile e etsa 27% ea tlhahiso ea koporo lefatšeng ka bophara, e lateloe ke Peru (10%), China (8%) le Democratic Republic of Congo (8%). International Energy Agency (IEA) e lumela hore haeba tšebeliso ea matla a tsosolositsoeng lefatšeng ka bophara e fihla ho 100% ka 2050, tlhokahalo ea koporo e tsoang mererong ea letsatsi e tla batla e imenne hararo.

[13]Qetello

 

Na ka letsatsi le leng matla a letsatsi e tla ba mohloli oa rona o moholo oa matla? Theko ea matla a letsatsi e ea theoha 'me katleho e ntse e ntlafala. Khabareng, ho na le litsela tse ngata tse fapaneng tsa theknoloji ea letsatsi tseo u ka khethang ho tsona. Re tla khetholla neng theknoloji e le 'ngoe kapa tse peli ebe re li etsa hore li sebetse? Mokhoa oa ho kopanya matla a letsatsi ho grid?

 

Tsoelo-pele ea matla a letsatsi ho tloha ho tse khethehileng ho ea ho tse tloaelehileng e totobatsa bokhoni ba eona ba ho finyella le ho feta litlhoko tsa rona tsa matla. Le hoja lisele tsa letsatsi tsa crystalline li laola 'maraka hona joale, tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji ea lifilimi tse tšesaane le theknoloji e ntseng e hlaha e kang cadmium telluride le perovskites e bula tsela bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse sebetsang hantle le tse kopantsoeng tsa letsatsi. Matla a letsatsi a ntse a tobane le mathata a mangata, a kang tšusumetso ea tikoloho ea merafo ea lihlahisoa tse tala le litšitiso tsa tlhahiso, empa ka mor'a tsohle, ke indasteri e hōlang ka potlako, e ncha le e tšepisang.

 

Ka ho leka-lekana ho nepahetseng ha tsoelopele ea theknoloji le litloaelo tse tšoarellang, kholo le nts'etsopele ea matla a letsatsi li tla betla tsela bakeng sa bokamoso bo hloekileng, bo nang le matla a mangata. Ka lebaka la sena, e tla bonts'a kholo e kholo ea motsoako oa matla a US mme e lebelletsoe ho ba tharollo e tsitsitseng ea lefats'e.