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Nhaurirano pfupi pamusoro pemhando dzemasero ezuva
Simba reSolar raimbove kuchengetedzwa kwechitundumuseremusere chepamusoro uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro, asi hazvisisirizvo. Mumakore gumi apfuura, simba rezuva rakashanduka kubva kune niche simba sosi kuenda pambiru huru yepasi rose simba.
Pasi rinogara richioneswa kunosvika 173,000TW yemwaranzi yezuva, inodarika kagumi paavhareji yepasi rose inodiwa nemagetsi.
[1] Izvi zvinoreva kuti simba rezuva rinokwanisa kuzadzisa zvese zvatinoda simba.
Muhafu yekutanga ya2023, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi ezuva kwakaverengera 5.77% yemagetsi ese eUS, kubva pa4.95% muna 2022.
[2] Kunyangwe mafuta efossil (kunyanya gasi rechisikigo nemarasha) achaverengera kusvika 60.4% yemagetsi ekuUS muna 2022,
[3] Asi kukura kwesimba rezuva uye kukurumidza kukura kwesimba rezuva tekinoroji inofanirwa kutarisirwa.
Parizvino, kune matatu makuru mapoka emasolar maseru (anozivikanwawo se photovoltaic (PV) maseru) pamusika: crystalline, nhete-firimu, uye ari kubuda matekinoroji. Aya marudzi matatu emabhatiri ane zvawo zvakanakira maererano nekushanda, mutengo, uye hupenyu.
01 kristaro
Mazhinji emba padenga pedenga solar panels anogadzirwa kubva kumusoro-kuchena monocrystalline silicon. Rudzi urwu rwebhatiri rwakawana kubudirira kweanopfuura 26% uye hupenyu hwebasa hweanopfuura makore makumi matatu mumakore achangopfuura.
[4] Ikozvino kushanda kwema solar panels emumba ndeye 22%.
Polycrystalline silicon inodhura zvishoma pane monocrystalline silicon, asi haina kunyatso shanda uye ine hupenyu hupfupi. Kuderera kwekushanda kunoreva mamwe mapaneru uye nzvimbo yakawanda inodiwa.
Solar masero zvichibva pa multi-junction gallium arsenide (GaAs) tekinoroji inoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura echinyakare masero ezuva. Masero aya ane hurongwa hwema-multi-layer, uye rimwe nerimwe rinoshandisa chinhu chakasiyana, senge indium gallium phosphide (GaInP), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) uye germanium (Ge), kutora mafungu akasiyana-siyana echiedza chezuva. Kunyangwe aya maseru ekubatanidza akawanda achitarisirwa kuwana hunyanzvi hwepamusoro, ivo vachiri kutambura nemitengo yakakwira yekugadzira uye kutsvagisa nekusimudzira, izvo zvinomisa kugona kwavo kwekutengesa uye mashandisiro anoshanda.
02 firimu
Iyo yakakura yeyakaonda-firimu photovoltaic zvigadzirwa pamusika wepasi rose cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic modules. Mamirioni emamodule akadai akaiswa pasirese, aine simba repamusoro rekugadzira simba rinopfuura 30GW. Iwo anonyanya kushandiswa kune utility-chiyero kugadzirwa kwemagetsi muUnited States. fekitari.
Mune iyi tekinoroji yefirimu-tete, 1-square-metres solar module ine cadmium shoma pane yeAAA-sized nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) bhatiri. Mukuwedzera, iyo cadmium mumamodule ezuva inosungirirwa kune tellurium, iyo isinganyunguriki mumvura uye inoramba yakagadzikana pakupisa kusvika ku1,200 ° C. Izvi zvinhu zvinodzikamisa njodzi dzehupfu dzekushandisa cadmium telluride mumabhatiri emufirimu-mutete.
Izvo zviri mukati me tellurium mugomba repasi zvinongova zvikamu 0.001 pamiriyoni. Kungofanana neplatinum chinhu chisingawanzo, tellurium's rarity inogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya mutengo we cadmium telluride module. Zvisinei, zvinokwanisika kuderedza dambudziko iri kuburikidza nekudzokorora maitiro.
Kushanda kwecadmium telluride modules kunogona kusvika 18.6%, uye kushanda kwebhatiri munzvimbo yerabhoritari kunogona kudarika 22%. [5] Kushandisa arsenic doping kutsiva mhangura doping, iyo yakashandiswa kwenguva yakareba, inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya hupenyu hwemodule uye kusvika padanho rinoenzaniswa nemabhatiri ekristaro.
03Emerging matekinoroji
Emerging photovoltaic technologies inoshandisa Ultra-thin films (isingasviki 1 micron) uye yakananga deposition matekiniki anozodzikisa mutengo wekugadzira uye nekupa emhando yepamusoro semiconductors yemasero ezuva. Aya matekinoroji anotarisirwa kuve anokwikwidza kune zvakasimbiswa zvinhu zvakaita sesilicon, cadmium telluride uye gallium arsenide.
[6] Kune matatu anozivikanwa matekinoroji emufirimu akaonda mundima iyi: copper zinc tin sulfide (Cu2ZnSnS4 kana CZTS), zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) uye single-walled kabhoni nanotubes (SWCNT). Munzvimbo yerabhoritari, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) masero ezuva asvika pakukwirira kunoshamisa kwe22.4%. Zvisinei, kudzokorora mazinga ekushanda akadaro pachiyero chekutengeserana kunoramba kuri dambudziko.
[7] Lead halide perovskite matete firimu maseru anoyevedza ari kubuda ezuva tekinoroji. Perovskite imhando yezvinhu ine yakajairika crystal chimiro chemakemikari formula ABX3. Iminerari yero, yebrown kana dema ine chikamu chikuru icalcium titanate (CaTiO3). Commerce-scale silicon-based perovskite tandem solar masero anogadzirwa neUK kambani Oxford PV akawana rekodhi inoshanda ye28.6% uye achapinda mukugadzira gore rino.
[8] Mumakore mashoma, perovskite solar masero akawana mashandiro akafanana neaya aripo cadmium telluride akaonda-firimu masero. Mukutanga kutsvakurudza uye kukura perovskite mabhatiri, upenyu hwaiva nyaya hombe, saka pfupi kuti aigona chete kuverengwa mumwedzi.
Nhasi, masero eperovskite ane hupenyu hwebasa hwemakore makumi maviri nemashanu kana kupfuura. Parizvino, zvakanakira perovskite solar masero akanyanya kutendeuka ekubudirira (kupfuura 25%), yakaderera mutengo wekugadzira uye kuderera kutonhora kunodiwa pakugadzira.
Kuvaka ma solar panel akabatanidzwa
Mamwe masero ezuva akagadzirwa kuti atore chete chikamu chesolar spectrum achibvumira chiedza chinooneka kupfuura. Aya masero akajeka anonzi dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC) uye akaberekerwa muSwitzerland muna 1991. Mitsva yeR & D mitsva mumakore achangopfuura yakavandudza kushanda kweDSCs, uye inogona kunge isingatore nguva refu aya magetsi ezuva achange ari pamusika.
Mamwe makambani anopinza inorganic nanoparticles mu polycarbonate layers yegirazi. Iwo nanoparticles mune ino tekinoroji anochinja chaiwo zvikamu zve spectrum kusvika kumucheto kwegirazi, zvichibvumira mazhinji eiyo spectrum kupfuura. Chiedza chakanyanya kumucheto kwegirazi chinobva chashandiswa nemasero ezuva. Pamusoro pezvo, tekinoroji yekushandisa perovskite yakaonda firimu zvinhu kune yakajeka mahwindo ezuva uye madziro ekunze ekuvaka ari kudzidzwa.
Raw zvinhu zvinodiwa simba rezuva
Kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwesimba rezuva, kudiwa kwekucherwa kwezvinhu zvakakosha zvekushandisa sesilicon, sirivheri, mhangura uye aluminium kuchawedzera. Dhipatimendi reMagetsi reUS rinoti chikamu gumi nembiri kubva muzana chepasi rose metallurgical giredhi silicon (MGS) inogadziriswa kuita polysilicon yemapanera ezuva.
China mutambi mukuru mundima iyi, inogadzira ingangoita makumi manomwe muzana epasirese MGS uye makumi manomwe nenomwe muzana epolysilicon yayo muna 2020.
Maitiro ekushandura silicon kuita polysilicon inoda kupisa kwakanyanya. MuChina, simba rekuita izvi rinonyanya kubva mumarasha. Xinjiang ine zviwanikwa zvemarasha akawanda uye mutengo wakaderera wemagetsi, uye kugadzirwa kwayo kwepolysilicon kunopa makumi mana neshanu muzana ekugadzirwa kwepasirese.
[12]Kugadzirwa kwemapanera ezuva kunopedza chikamu chegumi kubva muzana chesirivha yepasi rose. Kuchera sirivha kunoitika zvakanyanya muMexico, China, Peru, Chile, Australia, Russia nePoland uye zvinogona kutungamirira kumatambudziko akadai sekusvibiswa kwesimbi inorema uye kumanikidzwa kutamiswa kwenharaunda.
Kucherwa kwemhangura nealuminium kunopawo matambudziko ekushandisa ivhu. US Geological Survey inocherekedza kuti Chile inobata 27% yemhangura yepasi rose, ichiteverwa nePeru (10%), China (8%) neDemocratic Republic of Congo (8%). Sangano reInternational Energy Agency (IEA) rinotenda kuti kana kushandiswa kwesimba rinowanikwazve pasi rose kwasvika 100% ne2050, kudiwa kwemhangura kubva kumapurojekiti ezuva kunoda kusvika katatu.
[13] Mhedziso
Simba rezuva rimwe zuva richava manyuko edu makuru here? Mutengo wesimba rezuva uri kudonha uye kushanda zvakanaka kuri kuwedzera. Panguva ino, kune akawanda akasiyana tekinoroji tekinoroji nzira dzekusarudza kubva. Tichaona rinhi tekinoroji imwe kana maviri toita kuti inyatsoshanda? Nzira yekubatanidza sei simba rezuva mugridi?
Kushanduka kwesimba reSolar kubva kuhunyanzvi kuenda kuhukuru hunoratidza kugona kwaro kusangana nekupfuura zvatinoda simba. Nepo crystalline solar maseru parizvino ari kutonga musika, kufambira mberi mune yakatetepa-firimu tekinoroji uye ari kusimukira matekinoroji akadai secadmium telluride uye perovskites ari kugadzira nzira yekuwedzera uye yakabatanidzwa solar application. Simba reSolar richiri kutarisana nematambudziko mazhinji, akadai sekukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwezvicherwa zvemigodhi uye mabhodhoro mukugadzira, asi mushure mezvose, iindasitiri inokurumidza kukura, inovandudza uye inovimbisa.
Nekuenzana kwakaringana kwekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uye maitiro akasimba, kukura uye kuvandudzwa kwesimba rezuva kuchagadzira nzira yeramangwana rakachena, rakawanda rakawanda. Nekuda kweizvi, icharatidza kukura kwakakosha muUS simba musanganiswa uye inotarisirwa kuve mhinduro yepasi rose.