Ikiganiro kigufi ku bwoko bw'izuba

Imirasire y'izuba yigeze kubika icyogajuru cyateye imbere hamwe nibikoresho byiza, ariko siko bimeze. Mu myaka icumi ishize, ingufu z'izuba zahindutse ziva mu isoko ry’ingufu ziba inkingi nini y’imiterere y’ingufu ku isi.

Isi ikomeje guhura n’imirasire yizuba igera kuri 173.000TW, ikubye inshuro zirenga icumi icyifuzo cy’amashanyarazi ku isi.

[1] Ibi bivuze ko ingufu zizuba zifite ubushobozi bwo guhaza ibyo dukeneye byose.

Mu gice cya mbere cya 2023, amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba angana na 5.77% by'amashanyarazi yose yo muri Amerika, aho yavuye kuri 4.95% muri 2022.

[2] Nubwo ibicanwa biva mu kirere (cyane cyane gaze gasanzwe n’amakara) bizagera kuri 60.4% by’amashanyarazi yo muri Amerika mu 2022,

[3] Ariko kwiyongera kwingufu zizuba niterambere ryihuse ryikoranabuhanga ryizuba rikwiye kwitabwaho.

 

Ubwoko bw'imirasire y'izuba

 

Kugeza ubu, hari ibyiciro bitatu by'ingirabuzimafatizo z'izuba (bizwi kandi nka selile ya Photovoltaque (PV)) ku isoko: kristaline, firime yoroheje, hamwe n'ikoranabuhanga rishya. Ubu bwoko butatu bwa bateri bufite inyungu zabwo muburyo bukora neza, igiciro, nigihe cyo kubaho.

 

01 kristu

Imirasire y'izuba hafi yinzu yose ikozwe muri silicon ya monocrystalline. Ubu bwoko bwa bateri bwageze kumikorere irenga 26% nubuzima bwa serivisi bwimyaka irenga 30 mumyaka yashize.

[4] Imikorere igezweho yizuba murugo ni 22%.

 

Silicon polycrystalline igura munsi ya silikoni ya monocrystalline, ariko ntigikora neza kandi ifite igihe gito. Gukora neza bisobanura panne nyinshi kandi harakenewe ahantu henshi.

 

Imirasire y'izuba bishingiye ku buhanga bwinshi bwa gallium arsenide (GaAs) ikora neza kuruta imirasire y'izuba gakondo. Utugingo ngengabuzima dufite imiterere-yuburyo bwinshi, kandi buri cyiciro gikoresha ibintu bitandukanye, nka indium gallium fosifide (GaInP), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) na germanium (Ge), kugirango ikureho uburebure butandukanye bwumucyo wizuba. Nubwo utugingo ngengabuzima twinshi twitezwe kugera ku ntera ishimishije, baracyafite ibibazo byinganda nyinshi hamwe nubushakashatsi niterambere bidakuze, ibyo bikaba bigabanya ubucuruzi bwabo nibikorwa bifatika.

 

02 firime

Inzira nyamukuru yibicuruzwa bifotora byoroheje kumasoko yisi yose ni cadmium telluride (CdTe) modulifoto yubusa. Amamiriyoni yama module yashyizweho kwisi yose, hamwe nubushobozi bwo kubyara amashanyarazi arenga 30GW. Zikoreshwa cyane cyane kubyara ingufu-zingirakamaro muri Amerika. uruganda.

 

Muri ubu buhanga bwa firime yoroheje, module yizuba ya metero kare 1 irimo kadmium nke ugereranije na bateri ya AAA ingana na nikel-kadmium (Ni-Cd). Byongeye kandi, kadmium iri mu zuba ry’izuba igomba guhura na tellurium, idashobora gushonga mu mazi kandi ikomeza guhagarara neza ku bushyuhe bugera kuri 1200 ° C. Izi ngingo zigabanya ingaruka zuburozi zo gukoresha kadmium telluride muri bateri yoroheje.

 

Ibiri muri tellurium mubutaka bwisi ni ibice 0.001 gusa kuri miliyoni. Nkuko platine ari ikintu kidasanzwe, gake ya tellurium irashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kubiciro bya module ya kadmium telluride. Ariko, birashoboka kugabanya iki kibazo binyuze mubikorwa byo gutunganya.

Imikorere ya moderi ya kadmium telluride irashobora kugera kuri 18,6%, naho bateri ikora muri laboratoire irashobora kurenga 22%. [5] Gukoresha doping ya arsenic kugirango usimbuze doping y'umuringa, imaze igihe kinini ikoreshwa, irashobora kuzamura cyane ubuzima bwa module kandi ikagera kurwego rwagereranywa na bateri ya kirisiti.

 

03Ikoranabuhanga

 

Ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji ya Photovoltaque ukoresheje firime ultra-thin (munsi ya micron 1) hamwe nubuhanga bwo kubitsa bizagabanya ibiciro byumusaruro kandi bitange semiconductor nziza cyane yizuba. Izi tekinoroji ziteganijwe kuzaba abanywanyi kubikoresho byashizweho nka silicon, kadmium telluride na gallium arsenide.

 

Hariho uburyo butatu buzwi bwa tekinoroji ya firime yoroheje muri uru rwego: umuringa wa zinc tin sulfide (Cu2ZnSnS4 cyangwa CZTS), fosifike ya zinc (Zn3P2) hamwe na karubone imwe ya karubone (SWCNT). Muri laboratoire, imirasire y'izuba y'umuringa indium gallium selenide (CIGS) igeze ku ntera ishimishije ya 22.4%. Ariko, kwigana urwego rwimikorere kurwego rwubucuruzi bikomeje kuba ingorabahizi.

[7] Kurongora halide perovskite ingirabuzimafatizo ya firime ni tekinoroji ikurura izuba. Perovskite ni ubwoko bwibintu bifite imiterere isanzwe ya kristu yuburyo bwa chimique ABX3. Ni minerval yumuhondo, umukara cyangwa umukara igice cyingenzi ni calcium titanate (CaTiO3). Ubucuruzi bunini bwa silicon bushingiye kuri perovskite tandem izuba ryakozwe nisosiyete yo mu Bwongereza Oxford PV imaze kugera ku ntera ya 28.6% kandi izajya mu musaruro muri uyu mwaka.

[8] Mu myaka mike gusa, ingirabuzimafatizo yizuba ya perovskite yageze kubikorwa nkibya kadmium telluride iriho ingirabuzimafatizo. Mubushakashatsi bwambere no guteza imbere bateri ya perovskite, igihe cyo kubaho cyari ikibazo kinini, kigufi kuburyo gishobora kubarwa mumezi gusa.

Uyu munsi, selile perovskite ifite ubuzima bwimyaka 25 cyangwa irenga. Kugeza ubu, ibyiza bya selile yizuba ya perovskite nuburyo bwiza bwo guhindura ibintu (hejuru ya 25%), ibiciro byumusaruro muke hamwe nubushyuhe buke bukenewe mubikorwa byo gukora.

 

Kubaka imirasire y'izuba ihuriweho

 

Utugingo ngengabuzima tumwe na tumwe twagenewe gufata igice gusa cy'izuba mugihe twemerera urumuri rugaragara kunyura. Utugingo ngengabuzima tubonerana twitwa amarangi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba (DSC) kandi yavukiye mu Busuwisi mu 1991. Ibisubizo bishya bya R&D mu myaka yashize byazamuye imikorere ya DSCs, kandi ntibishobora kuba bitarenze mbere yuko izo mirasire y'izuba zizaba ku isoko.

 

Ibigo bimwe byinjiza nanoparticles muburyo bwa polyakarubone yibirahure. Nanoparticles muri iri koranabuhanga ihindura ibice byihariye bya spekiteri ku nkombe yikirahure, bigatuma igice kinini cyanyuramo. Umucyo wibanze kumpera yikirahure noneho ukoreshwa ningirabuzimafatizo. Hiyongereyeho kandi, tekinoroji yo gukoresha ibikoresho bya firime ya perovskite yoroheje ku madirishya y'izuba mu mucyo no kubaka inkuta zo hanze zirimo kwigwa.

 

Ibikoresho bibisi bikenerwa ningufu zizuba

Kongera ingufu z'izuba, icyifuzo cyo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro nka silikoni, ifeza, umuringa na aluminium biziyongera. Minisiteri ishinzwe ingufu muri Amerika ivuga ko hafi 12% bya silikoni yo mu rwego rwa metallurgiki yo ku isi (MGS) itunganyirizwa muri polysilicon kugira ngo ikoreshe imirasire y'izuba.

 

Ubushinwa bufite uruhare runini muri uru rwego, butanga hafi 70% ya MGS ku isi na 77% by’ibikoresho bya polysilicon mu 2020.

 

Inzira yo guhindura silicon muri polysilicon isaba ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane. Mubushinwa, ingufu zibi bikorwa ahanini ziva mu makara. Ubushinwa bushobora kugira amakara menshi n’ibiciro by’amashanyarazi make, kandi umusaruro wa polysilicon ugera kuri 45% by’umusaruro w’isi.

 

Umusaruro wizuba utwara hafi 10% ya feza yisi. Ubucukuzi bwa feza buboneka cyane cyane muri Mexico, Ubushinwa, Peru, Chili, Ositaraliya, Uburusiya na Polonye kandi bishobora guteza ibibazo nko kwanduza ibyuma biremereye no kwimura abaturage ku gahato.

 

Ubucukuzi bw'umuringa na aluminiyumu nabwo butera ibibazo byo gukoresha ubutaka. Ubushakashatsi bw’Amerika muri Jewoloji bwerekana ko Chili ifite 27% by’umuringa ku isi, ikurikirwa na Peru (10%), Ubushinwa (8%) na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (8%). Ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ingufu (IEA) cyizera ko niba ingufu zikoreshwa ku isi zishobora kugera ku 100% mu 2050, icyifuzo cy'umuringa kiva mu mishinga y'izuba kizikuba gatatu.

[13] Umwanzuro

 

Umunsi umwe ingufu z'izuba zizatubera isoko nyamukuru? Igiciro cyingufu zizuba kiragabanuka kandi imikorere iratera imbere. Hagati aho, hari inzira nyinshi zitandukanye zikoranabuhanga ryizuba ryo guhitamo. Ni ryari tuzamenya tekinoroji imwe cyangwa ebyiri hanyuma tuyikora koko? Nigute ushobora kwinjiza ingufu z'izuba muri gride?

 

Ubwihindurize bw'izuba riva mubidasanzwe bugana kumurongo rusange byerekana ubushobozi bwayo bwo guhura no kurenza ibyo dukeneye. Mu gihe imirasire y'izuba ya kirisitari yiganje ku isoko, iterambere mu buhanga bwa firime yoroheje ndetse n'ikoranabuhanga rigenda ryiyongera nka kadmium telluride na perovskite ritanga inzira yo gukoresha imirasire y'izuba ikora neza kandi ihuriweho. Imirasire y'izuba iracyafite imbogamizi nyinshi, nk'ingaruka ku bidukikije ziva mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro ndetse n'imbogamizi mu musaruro, ariko n'ubundi, ni inganda zikura vuba, udushya kandi zitanga icyizere.

 

Hamwe nuburinganire bukwiye bwiterambere ryikoranabuhanga hamwe nibikorwa birambye, gukura niterambere ryingufu zizuba bizatanga inzira yigihe kizaza gisukuye, cyinshi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, bizerekana iterambere rikomeye mu kuvanga ingufu z’Amerika kandi biteganijwe ko bizaba igisubizo kirambye ku isi.