Kukambitsirana kwachidule pa mitundu ya maselo a dzuwa

Mphamvu zoyendera dzuwa zinali zosungirako zida zapamwamba komanso zida zapamwamba, koma sizili choncho. Pazaka khumi zapitazi, mphamvu yoyendera dzuwa yasintha kuchoka ku gwero lamphamvu lamphamvu kukhala mzati waukulu wa mawonekedwe amphamvu padziko lonse lapansi.

Dziko lapansi limayang'aniridwa mosalekeza ndi pafupifupi 173,000TW ya ma radiation a solar, omwe ndi ochulukirapo kuwirikiza kakhumi kuchuluka kwa magetsi padziko lonse lapansi.

[1] Izi zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu ya dzuwa imatha kukwaniritsa zosowa zathu zonse.

Mu theka loyamba la 2023, mphamvu zamagetsi zoyendera dzuwa zidapanga 5.77% yamagetsi onse aku US, kuchokera pa 4.95% mu 2022.

[2] Ngakhale mafuta achilengedwe (makamaka gasi ndi malasha) adzawerengera pafupifupi 60.4% yamagetsi aku US mu 2022,

[3] Koma chikoka chowonjezereka cha mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi chitukuko chofulumira cha teknoloji ya mphamvu ya dzuwa chiyenera kuyang'aniridwa.

 

Mitundu ya ma cell a dzuwa

 

Pakadali pano, pali magulu atatu akuluakulu a ma cell a solar (omwe amadziwikanso kuti ma cell a photovoltaic (PV)) pamsika: crystalline, film-film, ndi matekinoloje omwe akubwera. Mitundu itatu ya mabatire iyi ili ndi maubwino awoawo malinga ndi magwiridwe antchito, mtengo wake, komanso moyo wawo wonse.

 

01 kristalo

Nthawi zambiri mapanelo adzuwa padenga la nyumba amapangidwa kuchokera ku silicon yapamwamba kwambiri ya monocrystalline. Batire yamtunduwu yakwanitsa kuchita bwino kwambiri kuposa 26% komanso moyo wautumiki wazaka zopitilira 30 m'zaka zaposachedwa.

[4] Kuthekera kwamakono kwa mapanelo adzuwa am'nyumba ndi pafupifupi 22%.

 

Silicon ya polycrystalline imawononga ndalama zochepa kuposa silicon ya monocrystalline, koma ndiyocheperako komanso imakhala ndi moyo wamfupi. Kuchita bwino m'munsi kumatanthauza mapanelo ambiri komanso malo ochulukirapo akufunika.

 

Maselo a dzuwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa multijunction gallium arsenide (GaAs) ndiwothandiza kwambiri kuposa ma cell achikhalidwe a dzuwa. Maselo amenewa ali ndi zigawo zambiri, ndipo gawo lililonse limagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga indium gallium phosphide (GaInP), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) ndi germanium (Ge), kuti atenge kuwala kwa dzuwa. Ngakhale kuti maselo ophatikizikawa amayembekezeredwa kuti azitha kuchita bwino kwambiri, amavutikabe ndi ndalama zopangira zinthu zambiri komanso kafukufuku wosakhwima ndi chitukuko, zomwe zimachepetsa kuthekera kwawo kwamalonda ndi ntchito zothandiza.

 

02 filimu

Zinthu zazikuluzikulu zamakanema amtundu wa photovoltaic pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi ma cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic modules. Mamiliyoni a ma module otere akhazikitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi, okhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu yopangira mphamvu yopitilira 30GW. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popangira magetsi ku United States. fakitale.

 

Mu tekinoloje ya kanema yopyapyala iyi, gawo la solar la 1-square-mita lili ndi cadmium yocheperako kuposa batire ya nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) ya AAA. Kuonjezera apo, cadmium mu ma modules a dzuwa amayenera kupita ku tellurium, yomwe imakhala yosasungunuka m'madzi ndipo imakhala yokhazikika pa kutentha mpaka 1,200 ° C. Zinthu izi zimachepetsa kuopsa kogwiritsa ntchito cadmium telluride m'mabatire amafilimu ochepa kwambiri.

 

Zomwe zili mu tellurium mu kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi ndi magawo 0,001 okha pa miliyoni. Monga momwe platinamu ndi chinthu chosowa, kusowa kwa tellurium kungakhudze kwambiri mtengo wa cadmium telluride module. Komabe, ndizotheka kuthetsa vutoli pogwiritsa ntchito machitidwe obwezeretsanso.

Kuchita bwino kwa ma module a cadmium telluride kumatha kufika 18.6%, ndipo mphamvu ya batri m'malo a labotale imatha kupitilira 22%. [5] Kugwiritsa ntchito arsenic doping m'malo mwa doping yamkuwa, yomwe yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, imatha kusintha kwambiri moyo wa module ndikufika pamlingo wofanana ndi mabatire a kristalo.

 

03Matekinoloje atsopano

 

Ukadaulo womwe ukubwera wa photovoltaic wogwiritsa ntchito mafilimu owonda kwambiri (ochepera 1 micron) ndi njira zodulira mwachindunji zidzachepetsa mtengo wopangira ndikupereka ma semiconductors apamwamba kwambiri a ma cell a solar. Matekinoloje awa akuyembekezeka kukhala opikisana ndi zida zokhazikitsidwa monga silicon, cadmium telluride ndi gallium arsenide.

 

[6]Pali njira zitatu zodziwika bwino zamakanema owonda kwambiri pankhaniyi: mkuwa zinc tin sulfide (Cu2ZnSnS4 kapena CZTS), zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) ndi ma nanotubes okhala ndi khoma limodzi (SWCNT). Pamalo a labotale, ma cell a solar a copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) afika pachimake chochititsa chidwi cha 22.4%. Komabe, kufananiza magwiridwe antchito otere pazamalonda kumakhalabe kovuta.

[7]Lead halide perovskite cell film cell ndiukadaulo wowoneka bwino wa dzuwa. Perovskite ndi mtundu wazinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a kristalo amtundu wamankhwala ABX3. Ndi mchere wachikasu, bulauni kapena wakuda womwe chigawo chake chachikulu ndi calcium titanate (CaTiO3). Ma cell a solar solar opangidwa ndi kampani yaku UK ya Oxford PV ya silicon apeza luso la 28.6% ndipo ayamba kupanga chaka chino.

[8] M'zaka zochepa chabe, maselo a dzuwa a perovskite apeza mphamvu zofanana ndi zomwe zilipo kale za cadmium telluride thin-film cell. Pakufufuza koyambirira ndi chitukuko cha mabatire a perovskite, nthawi ya moyo inali vuto lalikulu, lalifupi kwambiri moti likhoza kuwerengedwa m'miyezi.

Masiku ano, maselo a perovskite ali ndi moyo wautumiki wa zaka 25 kapena kuposerapo. Pakalipano, ubwino wa maselo a dzuwa a perovskite ndiwopambana kwambiri (kuposa 25%), mtengo wotsika mtengo komanso kutentha kochepa komwe kumafunika pakupanga.

 

Kumanga mapanelo ophatikizika a solar

 

Maselo ena a dzuŵa amapangidwa kuti azitha kujambula gawo lokha la kuwala kwa dzuwa kwinaku akulola kuwala kowonekera kudutsa. Maselo owonekerawa amatchedwa dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) ndipo anabadwira ku Switzerland ku 1991. Zotsatira zatsopano za R & D m'zaka zaposachedwa zathandiza kuti ma DSC azitha kugwira ntchito bwino, ndipo sizingatenge nthawi yaitali kuti magetsi a dzuwa awa azikhala pamsika.

 

Makampani ena amalowetsa ma nanoparticles mumagulu agalasi a polycarbonate. Ma nanoparticles muukadaulo uwu amasuntha mbali zina za sipekitiramu mpaka m'mphepete mwa galasi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mawonekedwe ambiri adutse. Kuwala komwe kumakhala m'mphepete mwa galasi kumayendetsedwa ndi ma cell a dzuwa. Kuonjezera apo, teknoloji yogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zafilimu zopyapyala za perovskite pamawindo owonekera a dzuwa ndi kumanga makoma akunja akuphunziridwa.

 

Zopangira zofunika mphamvu ya dzuwa

Kuonjezera mphamvu ya dzuwa, kufunikira kwa migodi ya zipangizo zofunika monga silicon, siliva, mkuwa ndi aluminiyumu kudzawonjezeka. Dipatimenti ya Zamagetsi ku US inanena kuti pafupifupi 12% ya silicon yapadziko lonse ya metallurgical grade silicon (MGS) imasinthidwa kukhala polysilicon ya solar panels.

 

China ndiyomwe imasewera kwambiri pankhaniyi, ikupanga pafupifupi 70% ya MGS yapadziko lonse lapansi ndi 77% ya polysilicon yake mu 2020.

 

Njira yosinthira silicon kukhala polysilicon imafuna kutentha kwambiri. Ku China, mphamvu zopangira izi zimachokera ku malasha. Xinjiang ili ndi chuma chambiri cha malasha komanso mtengo wotsika wamagetsi, ndipo kupanga kwake kwa polysilicon kumapangitsa 45% kupanga padziko lonse lapansi.

 

[12]Kupanga ma solar panel kumawononga pafupifupi 10% ya siliva wapadziko lonse lapansi. Migodi ya siliva imapezeka makamaka ku Mexico, China, Peru, Chile, Australia, Russia ndi Poland ndipo kungayambitse mavuto monga kuipitsidwa ndi zitsulo zolemera komanso kusamuka mokakamizidwa kwa anthu ammudzi.

 

Kukumba migodi yamkuwa ndi aluminiyamu kumabweretsanso zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito nthaka. Bungwe la US Geological Survey likunena kuti dziko la Chile limapanga 27% ya copper padziko lonse lapansi, kutsatiridwa ndi Peru (10%), China (8%) ndi Democratic Republic of Congo (8%). International Energy Agency (IEA) ikukhulupirira kuti ngati kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa padziko lonse kudzafika 100% pofika chaka cha 2050, kufunikira kwa mkuwa kuchokera kumapulojekiti adzuwa kudzakhala pafupifupi katatu.

[13] Mapeto

 

Kodi mphamvu ya dzuwa tsiku lina idzakhala gwero lathu lalikulu la mphamvu? Mtengo wa mphamvu ya dzuwa ukutsika ndipo mphamvu zikuyenda bwino. Pakalipano, pali njira zambiri zamakono zamakono zomwe mungasankhe. Ndi liti pamene tidzazindikira teknoloji imodzi kapena ziwiri ndikuzipanga kuti zigwire ntchito? Momwe mungaphatikizire mphamvu ya dzuwa mu gridi?

 

Kusinthika kwa mphamvu ya solar kuchoka pazapadera kupita pagulu lalikulu kumawonetsa kuthekera kwake kokwaniritsa ndi kupitilira mphamvu zathu. Ngakhale ma crystalline solar cell akulamulira msika pano, kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wamakanema owonda komanso matekinoloje omwe akubwera monga cadmium telluride ndi perovskites akutsegulira njira yogwiritsira ntchito bwino kwambiri komanso kuphatikizika kwa dzuwa. Mphamvu ya dzuwa ikukumanabe ndi zovuta zambiri, monga momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira migodi ya migodi ndi zolepheretsa kupanga, koma pambuyo pake, ndi makampani omwe akukula mofulumira, atsopano komanso odalirika.

 

Ndi kulinganiza koyenera kwa kupita patsogolo kwaumisiri ndi machitidwe okhazikika, kukula ndi chitukuko cha mphamvu za dzuwa zidzatsegula njira ya tsogolo laukhondo, lamphamvu kwambiri. Chifukwa cha izi, ziwonetsa kukula kwakukulu pakusakanikirana kwa mphamvu zaku US ndipo zikuyembekezeka kukhala yankho lokhazikika padziko lonse lapansi.