Ib qho kev sib tham luv luv ntawm cov hom hnub ci

Hnub ci zog yog ib zaug khaws cia ntawm lub dav hlau siab heev thiab qee cov khoom siv zoo nkauj, tab sis qhov ntawd tsis yog lawm. Ntau xyoo dhau los, lub hnub ci zog tau hloov pauv los ntawm lub zog niche mus rau lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub zog toj roob hauv pes.

Lub ntiaj teb tsis tu ncua raug kwv yees li 173,000TW ntawm lub hnub ci hluav taws xob, uas yog ntau dua kaum npaug ntawm lub ntiaj teb qhov nruab nrab qhov xav tau hluav taws xob.

[1] Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lub hnub ci zog muaj peev xwm ua tau raws li tag nrho peb lub zog xav tau.

Hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm 2023, lub hnub ci hluav taws xob tsim tau 5.77% ntawm tag nrho US lub zog tsim hluav taws xob, nce ntawm 4.95% hauv 2022.

[2] Txawm hais tias fossil fuels (feem ntau yog cov pa roj thiab thee) yuav suav txog ntau npaum li 60.4% ntawm Asmeskas lub zog tsim hluav taws xob hauv xyoo 2022,

[3] Tab sis kev loj hlob ntawm lub hnub ci zog thiab kev loj hlob sai ntawm lub hnub ci tshuab hluav taws xob tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas.

 

Hom hnub ci hlwb

 

Tam sim no, muaj peb pawg loj ntawm lub hnub ci hlwb (tseem hu ua photovoltaic (PV) hlwb) ntawm kev ua lag luam: crystalline, nyias-zaj duab xis, thiab cov thev naus laus zis tshiab. Peb hom roj teeb no muaj lawv tus kheej zoo nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm efficiency, nqi, thiab lifespan.

 

01 siv

Feem ntau cov tsev ru tsev solar panels yog tsim los ntawm high-purity monocrystalline silicon. Hom roj teeb no tau ua tiav qhov ua tau zoo ntawm ntau dua 26% thiab kev pabcuam lub neej ntau dua 30 xyoo hauv xyoo tas los no.

[4] Tam sim no kev ua tau zoo ntawm tsev neeg lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag yog li 22%.

 

Polycrystalline silicon raug nqi tsawg dua monocrystalline silicon, tab sis tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig thiab muaj lub neej luv dua. Kev ua haujlwm qis dua txhais tau tias ntau lub vaj huam sib luag thiab xav tau ntau qhov chaw.

 

Hnub ci hlwb Raws li kev sib txuas ntawm ntau qhov sib txuas gallium arsenide (GaAs) thev naus laus zis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua li cov hnub ci hnub ci. Cov hlwb no muaj ntau txheej txheej, thiab txhua txheej siv cov khoom sib txawv, xws li indium gallium phosphide (GaInP), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) thiab germanium (Ge), kom nqus tau qhov sib txawv wavelengths ntawm lub hnub ci. Txawm hais tias cov cell multijunction xav kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo, lawv tseem raug kev txom nyem los ntawm cov nqi tsim khoom siab thiab kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob tsis paub tab, uas txwv lawv txoj kev lag luam thiab kev siv tswv yim.

 

02 fim

Lub ntsiab ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab photovoltaic cov khoom lag luam thoob ntiaj teb yog cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic modules. Ntau lab ntawm cov qauv no tau raug teeb tsa thoob plaws ntiaj teb, nrog lub zog tsim hluav taws xob ntau tshaj 30GW. Lawv feem ntau yog siv rau kev siv hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Hoobkas.

 

Nyob rau hauv cov tshuab ua yeeb yaj kiab no, 1-square-meter hnub ci module muaj cadmium tsawg dua li AAA-sized nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) roj teeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, cadmium nyob rau hauv lub hnub ci modules yog khi rau tellurium, uas yog insoluble nyob rau hauv dej thiab nyob ruaj khov nyob rau hauv kub txog li 1,200 ° C. Cov xwm txheej no txo ​​qis cov phom sij ntawm kev siv cadmium telluride hauv cov roj teeb nyias nyias.

 

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm tellurium nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust tsuas yog 0.001 qhov chaw ib lab. Ib yam li platinum yog qhov tsis tshua muaj, tellurium qhov tsis tshua muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam rau tus nqi ntawm cadmium telluride module. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tuaj yeem daws qhov teeb meem no los ntawm kev coj ua dua tshiab.

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cadmium telluride modules tuaj yeem ncav cuag 18.6%, thiab lub roj teeb ua haujlwm hauv ib puag ncig hauv chav kuaj tuaj yeem tshaj 22%. [5] Siv arsenic doping los hloov tooj liab doping, uas tau siv rau lub sijhawm ntev, tuaj yeem txhim kho lub neej ntawm module thiab mus txog qib piv rau cov roj teeb siv lead ua.

 

03 Cov thev naus laus zis tshiab

 

Cov thev naus laus zis photovoltaic uas siv cov yeeb yaj kiab ultra-nyias (tsawg dua 1 micron) thiab cov txheej txheem tso ncaj qha yuav txo cov nqi tsim khoom thiab muab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo rau lub hnub ci. Cov thev naus laus zis no yuav tsum dhau los ua cov neeg sib tw rau cov khoom tsim xws li silicon, cadmium telluride thiab gallium arsenide.

 

[6] Muaj peb qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab hauv daim teb no: tooj liab zinc tin sulfide (Cu2ZnSnS4 lossis CZTS), zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) thiab ib leeg-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT). Hauv qhov chaw kuaj mob, tooj liab indium gallium selenide (CIGS) lub hnub ci hnub ci tau mus txog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm 22.4%. Txawm li cas los xij, replicating xws li efficiency theem ntawm kev lag luam nplai tseem yog ib qho nyuaj.

[7] Lead halide perovskite nyias zaj duab xis hlwb yog ib qho zoo nkauj tawm hnub ci tshuab. Perovskite yog ib yam khoom uas muaj cov qauv siv lead ua ntawm cov tshuaj formula ABX3. Nws yog cov ntxhia daj, xim av lossis xim dub uas nws lub ntsiab yog calcium titanate (CaTiO3). Kev lag luam-qib silicon-raws li perovskite tandem hnub ci hlwb tsim los ntawm UK lub tuam txhab Oxford PV tau ua tiav cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm ntawm 28.6% thiab yuav mus rau hauv kev tsim tawm xyoo no.

[8] Hauv ob peb xyoos xwb, perovskite hnub ci hlwb tau ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo ib yam li cov uas twb muaj lawm cadmium telluride nyias-film hlwb. Hauv kev tshawb fawb thaum ntxov thiab kev loj hlob ntawm perovskite roj teeb, lifespan yog ib qho teeb meem loj, yog li luv luv uas nws tsuas yog xam tau hauv lub hlis xwb.

Niaj hnub no, perovskite hlwb muaj lub neej ua haujlwm ntawm 25 xyoo lossis ntau dua. Tam sim no, qhov zoo ntawm perovskite hnub ci hlwb yog kev hloov pauv siab ua haujlwm (ntau dua 25%), cov nqi tsim khoom qis thiab qis qis yuav tsum tau ua rau cov txheej txheem ntau lawm.

 

Kev tsim vaj huam sib luag solar panels

 

Qee lub hnub ci yog tsim los ntes ib feem ntawm lub hnub ci spectrum nkaus xwb thaum tso cai rau pom lub teeb hla dhau. Cov hlwb pob tshab no hu ua dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC) thiab yug hauv Switzerland xyoo 1991. Cov txiaj ntsig R&D tshiab hauv xyoo tas los no tau txhim kho qhov ua tau zoo ntawm DSCs, thiab nws yuav tsis ntev ua ntej cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag yuav nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam.

 

Qee lub tuam txhab infuse inorganic nanoparticles rau hauv polycarbonate txheej ntawm iav. Cov nanoparticles hauv cov thev naus laus zis no hloov qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov spectrum mus rau ntug ntawm iav, tso cai rau feem ntau ntawm cov spectrum dhau mus. Lub teeb concentrated ntawm ntug iav yog ces harnessed los ntawm solar cells. Tsis tas li ntawd, thev naus laus zis rau kev siv cov ntaub ntawv perovskite nyias zaj duab xis rau pob tshab hnub ci qhov rais thiab cov phab ntsa sab nrauv yog tam sim no tau kawm.

 

Cov khoom siv raw xav tau rau lub hnub ci zog

Txhawm rau ua kom lub hnub ci tsim hluav taws xob, qhov kev thov rau mining ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb xws li silicon, nyiaj, tooj liab thiab txhuas yuav nce. US Department of Energy hais tias kwv yees li 12% ntawm lub ntiaj teb metallurgical qib silicon (MGS) tau ua tiav rau hauv polysilicon rau hnub ci vaj huam sib luag.

 

Tuam Tshoj yog ib tus neeg tseem ceeb hauv daim teb no, tsim tau kwv yees li 70% ntawm lub ntiaj teb MGS thiab 77% ntawm nws cov khoom siv polysilicon xyoo 2020.

 

Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov silicon rau hauv polysilicon yuav tsum tau kub siab heev. Hauv Suav teb, lub zog rau cov txheej txheem no feem ntau yog los ntawm cov thee. Xinjiang muaj cov peev txheej thee ntau thiab cov nqi hluav taws xob tsawg, thiab nws cov khoom siv polysilicon suav txog 45% ntawm kev tsim khoom thoob ntiaj teb.

 

[12] Kev tsim cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag siv kwv yees li 10% ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov nyiaj. Silver mining tshwm sim feem ntau hauv Mexico, Tuam Tshoj, Peru, Chile, Australia, Russia thiab Poland thiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem xws li kev sib kis ntawm cov hlau hnyav thiab yuam kom tsiv tsev neeg hauv zos.

 

Tooj thiab txhuas mining kuj ua rau muaj teeb meem siv av. Lub US Geological Survey sau tseg tias Chile suav txog 27% ntawm kev tsim tooj liab thoob ntiaj teb, tom qab ntawd Peru (10%), Tuam Tshoj (8%) thiab Democratic Republic of Congo (8%). Lub koom haum International Energy Agency (IEA) ntseeg hais tias yog tias lub ntiaj teb kev siv hluav taws xob tauj dua tshiab tau nce mus txog 100% los ntawm 2050, qhov kev thov rau tooj liab los ntawm cov phiaj xwm hnub ci yuav ze li peb npaug.

[13] Xaus

 

Lub hnub ci zog puas yuav muaj ib hnub dhau los ua peb lub zog loj? Tus nqi ntawm lub hnub ci zog poob thiab kev ua tau zoo yog txhim kho. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, muaj ntau txoj kev siv tshuab hnub ci sib txawv los xaiv. Thaum twg peb yuav txheeb xyuas ib lossis ob lub thev naus laus zis thiab ua kom lawv ua haujlwm tiag tiag? Yuav ua li cas integrate hnub ci zog rau hauv daim phiaj?

 

Hnub ci zog qhov kev hloov pauv los ntawm kev tshwj xeeb mus rau cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb qhia txog nws lub peev xwm kom tau raws li peb lub zog xav tau. Thaum lub sij hawm crystalline hnub ci hnub ci tam sim no tswj hwm kev lag luam, kev nce qib hauv cov tshuab thev naus laus zis thiab cov thev naus laus zis tshiab xws li cadmium telluride thiab perovskites tab tom ua txoj hauv kev kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua thiab kev siv hnub ci. Hnub ci zog tseem tab tom ntsib ntau yam teeb meem, xws li ib puag ncig cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv raw mining thiab fwj hauv kev tsim khoom, tab sis tom qab tag nrho, nws yog ib qho kev lag luam loj hlob sai, tshiab thiab muaj kev vam meej.

 

Nrog rau txoj kev sib npaug ntawm kev nce qib ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis thiab kev coj ua kom ruaj khov, kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub hnub ci zog yuav ua rau txoj hauv kev kom huv si, muaj zog ntau dua yav tom ntej. Vim li no, nws yuav qhia txog kev loj hlob tseem ceeb hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas lub zog sib xyaw thiab xav tias yuav dhau los ua kev daws teeb meem thoob ntiaj teb.