He kūkākūkā pōkole e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā pūnaewele lā

ʻO ka ikehu o ka lā ka mālama ʻana i nā mokulele mokulele kiʻekiʻe a me kekahi mau hāmeʻa nani, akā ʻaʻole ia ka hihia. I loko o nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala iho nei, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka ikehu lā mai kahi kumu ikehu niche i kia nui o ka ʻāina ikehu honua.

Hōʻike mau ʻia ka honua ma kahi o 173,000TW o ka pāhawewe lā, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o ʻumi mau manawa o ke koi uila awelika honua.

[1] ʻO ia hoʻi, hiki i ka ikehu lā ke hoʻokō i kā mākou ikehu āpau.

I ka hapa mua o 2023, ua helu ʻia ka mana o ka lā i 5.77% o ka nui o ka mana o US, mai 4.95% i 2022.

[2] ʻOiai ʻo nā wahie mōʻalihaku (ka nui o ke kinoea maoli a me ka lanahu) e helu ʻia e like me 60.4% o ka hana mana o US ma 2022,

[3] Akā, ʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka ikaika o ka lā a me ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻenehana ikehu lā e pono e nānā.

 

Nā ʻano o nā pūnaewele lā

 

I kēia manawa, aia ʻekolu mau ʻāpana nui o nā cell solar (i ʻike ʻia he photovoltaic (PV) cell) ma ka mākeke: crystalline, thin-film, a me nā ʻenehana hou. Loaʻa i kēia mau ʻano pākaukau ʻekolu ko lākou pono ponoʻī e pili ana i ka pono, ke kumu kūʻai, a me ke ola.

 

01 aniani

Hana ʻia ka hapa nui o nā panela lā ma luna o ka hale mai ke silika monocrystalline maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe. Ua loaʻa i kēia ʻano pākaukau ka pono o ka ʻoi aku ma mua o 26% a me ke ola lawelawe ʻoi aku ma mua o 30 mau makahiki i nā makahiki i hala.

[4] ʻO ka maikaʻi o kēia manawa o nā panela solar hale ma kahi o 22%.

 

ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe polycrystalline ma mua o ka silika monocrystalline, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ke ola. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia ka nui o nā panela a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahi e pono ai.

 

pūnaewele lā ma muli o ka ʻenehana multi-junction gallium arsenide (GaAs) ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā pūnaewele lā kahiko. ʻO kēia mau keena he ʻano ʻāpana-nui, a hoʻohana kēlā me kēia papa i kekahi mea ʻokoʻa, e like me ka indium gallium phosphide (GaInP), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) a me germanium (Ge), e hoʻomoʻa i nā nalu like ʻole o ka lā. ʻOiai ua manaʻo ʻia kēia mau cell multijunction e hoʻokō i nā pono kiʻekiʻe, e ʻeha mau lākou i nā kumukūʻai hana kiʻekiʻe a me ka noiʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, e kaupalena ana i kā lākou hiki ke kūʻai aku a me nā noi kūpono.

 

02 kiʻiʻoniʻoni

ʻO ke kumu nui o nā huahana photovoltaic kiʻiʻoniʻoni kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ka mākeke honua ka cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic modules. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā miliona o ia mau modula a puni ka honua, me ka mana o ka mana kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 30GW. Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka mana uila ma United States. hale hana.

 

I loko o kēia ʻenehana kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka cadmium i loko o ka module solar 1-square-mika ma mua o ka AAA-sized nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd). Eia kekahi, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka cadmium i loko o nā modula solar i tellurium, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai a paʻa paʻa i nā mahana a hiki i 1,200 ° C. Hoʻemi kēia mau mea i nā pōʻino ʻawaʻawa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cadmium telluride i loko o nā pā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi.

 

ʻO ka helu o tellurium i loko o ka ʻōpala o ka honua he 0.001 wale nō ʻāpana o ka miliona. E like me ka platinum he mea laha ʻole, hiki ke hoʻololi nui i ke kumukūʻai o ka module telluride cadmium. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hoʻopau i kēia pilikia ma o ka hana hou ʻana.

Hiki i ka pono o ka cadmium telluride modules ke piʻi i ka 18.6%, a ʻo ka pono o ka pākaukau i loko o kahi keʻena kikowaena hiki ke ʻoi aku ma mua o 22%. [5] Ke hoʻohana nei i ka arsenic doping e pani ai i ka copper doping, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ke ola module a hiki i kahi pae e like me nā pā aniani.

 

03 Nā ʻenehana hou mai

 

ʻO nā ʻenehana photovoltaic e kū nei me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ultra-thin (emi iho ma mua o 1 micron) a me nā ʻenehana deposition pololei e hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai hana a hāʻawi i nā semiconductor kiʻekiʻe no nā cell solar. Manaʻo ʻia kēia mau ʻenehana e lilo i mea hoʻokūkū i nā mea i hoʻokumu ʻia e like me ke silicon, cadmium telluride a me gallium arsenide.

 

[6] Aia ʻekolu ʻenehana kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi kaulana i kēia kahua: copper zinc tin sulfide (Cu2ZnSnS4 a i ʻole CZTS), zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) a me nā nanotubes kalapona pale hoʻokahi (SWCNT). I loko o kahi hoʻonohonoho hoʻokolohua, ua hōʻea nā cell solar copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o 22.4%. Eia nō naʻe, he paʻakikī ka hana hou ʻana i kēlā mau pae kūpono ma ka pālākiō.

[7] ʻO nā keʻena kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi ke alakaʻi halide perovskite he ʻenehana lā e puka mai nei. ʻO Perovskite kahi ʻano mea me kahi ʻano aniani maʻamau o ke ʻano kemika ABX3. He mineral melemele, ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha nona ka mea nui he calcium titanate (CaTiO3). ʻO ka perovskite tandem solar cell-scale-scale-based perovskite tandem solar cell i hana ʻia e ka hui UK Oxford PV ua loaʻa i ka 28.6% ka maikaʻi o ka moʻolelo a e hele i ka hana i kēia makahiki.

[8] I loko o nā makahiki liʻiliʻi wale nō, ua loaʻa i nā cell solar perovskite ka maikaʻi e like me nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni cadmium telluride. I ka noiʻi mua ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā pā perovskite, he pilikia nui ke ola, no ka pōkole a hiki ke helu ʻia i nā mahina.

I kēia lā, he 25 mau makahiki a ʻoi aʻe paha ke ola o nā cell perovskite. I kēia manawa,ʻo nā mea maikaʻi o ka perovskite solar cell he kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻololiʻana (ʻoi aku ma mua o 25%), nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e pono ai no ke kaʻina hana.

 

Ke kūkulu ʻana i nā panela lā i hoʻohui ʻia

 

Hoʻolālā ʻia kekahi mau pūnaewele lā e hopu i kahi hapa wale nō o ka spectrum o ka lā i ka wā e ʻae ana i ka mālamalama ʻike e hele mai. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau pūnaewele akaka i ka dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) a ua hānau ʻia ma Switzerland i ka makahiki 1991. ʻO nā hopena R&D hou i nā makahiki i hala iho nei ua hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o DSCs, a ʻaʻole paha e liʻuliʻu ma mua o ke kū ʻana o kēia mau panela lā ma ka mākeke.

 

Hoʻokomo kekahi mau hui i nā nanoparticles inorganic i loko o nā papa aniani polycarbonate. Hoʻololi nā nanoparticles i kēia ʻenehana i nā ʻāpana kikoʻī o ka spectrum i ka lihi o ke aniani, e ʻae ana i ka hapa nui o ka spectrum e hele i loko. A laila hoʻohana ʻia ke kukui i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka lihi o ke aniani e nā pūnaewele lā. Eia kekahi, ke aʻo ʻia nei ka ʻenehana no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mea kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni perovskite i nā puka aniani o ka lā a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā paia o waho.

 

Pono nā mea maka no ka ikehu lā

No ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mana o ka lā, e hoʻonui ʻia ka noi no ka mining i nā mea waiwai nui e like me ke silika, ke kālā, ke keleawe a me ka alumini. Ua ʻōlelo ka US Department of Energy, ma kahi o 12% o ka honua metallurgical grade silicon (MGS) i hana ʻia i polysilicon no nā panela lā.

 

He mea pāʻani nui ʻo Kina ma kēia kahua, e hana ana ma kahi o 70% o ka MGS honua a me 77% o kāna lako polysilicon i 2020.

 

ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kilika i loko o ka polysilicon e pono ai nā wela kiʻekiʻe loa. Ma Kina, loaʻa ka ikehu no kēia mau kaʻina hana mai ka lanahu. He nui nā kumu lanahu a Xinjiang a me nā kumukūʻai uila haʻahaʻa, a ʻo kāna hana polysilicon he 45% o ka hana honua.

 

[12] Hoʻopau ka hana ʻana o nā panela lā ma kahi o 10% o ke kālā o ka honua. Loaʻa ka mining kālā ma Mexico, Kina, Peru, Chile, Australia, Russia a me Polani a hiki ke alakaʻi i nā pilikia e like me ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka metala kaumaha a me ka neʻe ʻana o nā kaiāulu kūloko.

 

ʻO ka hana keleawe a me ka alumini ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāina. Hoʻomaopopo ka US Geological Survey ʻo Chile ka 27% o ka hana keleawe honua, a ukali ʻia e Peru (10%), Kina (8%) a me ka Democratic Republic of Congo (8%). Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei ka International Energy Agency (IEA) inā hiki i ka 100% ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu hou i ka makahiki 2050, kokoke ʻekolu ke koi ʻana i ke keleawe mai nā papahana lā.

[13] Ka hopena

 

E lilo anei ka ikehu o ka lā i kumu ikehu nui i kekahi lā? Ke hāʻule nei ke kumukūʻai o ka ikehu lā a ke hoʻomaikaʻi nei ka maikaʻi. I kēia manawa, nui nā ala ʻenehana solar e koho ai. I ka manawa hea mākou e ʻike ai i hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha ʻenehana a hana maoli lākou? Pehea e hoʻohui ai i ka ikehu lā i loko o ka pā?

 

ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ikehu o ka lā mai ka mea kūikawā a hiki i ka mana nui e hōʻike ana i kona hiki ke hoʻokō a ʻoi aku i ko mākou pono ikehu. ʻOiai ʻo ka crystalline solar cell i kēia manawa i ka mākeke, ʻo ka holomua i ka ʻenehana kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni a me nā ʻenehana e kū mai ana e like me cadmium telluride a me perovskites e paʻa ana i ke ala no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lā. Ke kū nei ka ikehu o ka lā i nā pilikia he nui, e like me ka hopena o ke kaiapuni o ka mining material raw a me nā bottlenecks i ka hana ʻana, akā ma hope o nā mea a pau, he ʻoihana ulu wikiwiki, ʻano hou a hoʻohiki.

 

Me ke kaulike kūpono o nā holomua ʻenehana a me nā hana hoʻomau, ʻo ka ulu ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ikehu lā e paʻa i ke ala no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka nui o ka ikehu e hiki mai ana. Ma muli o kēia, e hōʻike ana ia i ka ulu nui o ka hui ʻana o ka ikehu US a manaʻo ʻia e lilo i hopena hoʻomau honua.