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Inverter , wanda kuma aka sani da mai sarrafa wutar lantarki da mai sarrafa wutar lantarki, wani muhimmin sashi ne na tsarin photovoltaic. Babban aikin inverter na photovoltaic shine canza wutar lantarki ta DC da masu amfani da hasken rana ke samarwa zuwa wutar AC da kayan gida ke amfani da su. Duk wutar lantarkin da na’urar hasken rana ke samarwa sai an sarrafa ta ta inverter kafin a iya fitarwa zuwa waje. [1] Ta hanyar da'irar cikakken gada, ana amfani da na'ura na SPWM gabaɗaya don jurewa canjin yanayi, tacewa, haɓaka ƙarfin lantarki, da sauransu don samun wutar lantarki ta sinusoidal AC wacce ta dace da mitar nauyin haske, ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki, da sauransu don masu amfani da tsarin. Tare da inverter, ana iya amfani da baturin DC don samar da wutar AC ga na'urori.

Gabatarwa:

Tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na AC na hasken rana yana kunshe da bangarorin hasken rana, mai sarrafa caji, inverter da baturi; tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na hasken rana DC ba ya haɗa da inverter. Hanyar canza wutar AC zuwa wutar DC ana kiranta gyarawa, kewayen da ke kammala aikin gyara ana kiranta da na'urar gyarawa, ita kuma na'urar da ke aiwatar da aikin gyara ana kiranta na'urar gyara ko gyarawa. Hakazalika, tsarin juya wutar lantarkin DC zuwa AC shine ake kira inverter, da kewayen da ke kammala aikin inverter ana kiranta da inverter circuit, kuma na'urar da ke aiwatar da tsarin inverter ana kiranta inverter equipment ko inverter.

Jigon na'urar inverter ita ce kewayawar inverter, wanda ake magana da ita da kewayen inverter. Wannan kewaye tana kammala aikin inverter ta hanyar kunnawa da kashe wutar lantarki. Canja wutar lantarki na'urori masu sauyawa na lantarki yana buƙatar wasu ƙayyadaddun bugun motsa jiki, kuma waɗannan bugun jini ana iya daidaita su ta canza siginar wutar lantarki. Da'irar da ke haifarwa da sarrafa bugun jini ana kiranta da'irar sarrafawa ko madauki mai sarrafawa. Tsarin asali na na'urar inverter ya haɗa da, ban da abin da aka ambata a sama na inverter da kewaye, da'irar kariya, da'irar fitarwa, da'irar shigarwa, da'irar fitarwa, da dai sauransu.

Siffofin:

Saboda bambancin gine-gine, ba makawa zai haifar da bambancin kayan aikin hasken rana. Don haɓaka ingantaccen juzu'i na makamashin hasken rana yayin la'akari da kyakkyawan bayyanar ginin, wannan yana buƙatar rarrabuwa na inverters ɗinmu don cimma mafi kyawun hanyar hasken rana. Maida

Juyawa ta tsakiya

Ana amfani da inverter na tsakiya gabaɗaya a cikin tsarin manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki na hoto (> 10kW). Yawancin igiyoyin hoto masu kama da juna suna haɗe zuwa shigar da DC na inverter iri ɗaya. Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da na'urori masu ƙarfin lantarki na IGBT mai hawa uku don babban iko. Ƙananan suna amfani da transistor tasirin filin kuma suna amfani da masu kula da jujjuyawar DSP don inganta ingancin ƙarfin da aka samar ta yadda ya kasance kusa da sine wave halin yanzu. Babban fasalin shine babban iko da ƙananan farashi na tsarin. Duk da haka, inganci da ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na dukan tsarin photovoltaic yana da tasiri ta hanyar daidaitawa da igiyoyi na hoto da kuma shading. A lokaci guda, amincin samar da wutar lantarki na duk tsarin hoto yana shafar yanayin aiki mara kyau na wani rukunin rukunin hoto. Sabbin kwatancen bincike sune amfani da ikon sarrafa sararin samaniya da haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin haɗin inverter don samun babban inganci a ƙarƙashin yanayin ɗaukar nauyi. A kan SolarMax tsakiya inverter, ana iya haɗa akwatin mu'amalar hoto na hotovoltaic don saka idanu akan kowane igiya na bangarorin jirgin ruwa na hotovoltaic. Idan daya daga cikin kirtani ba ya aiki yadda ya kamata, tsarin zai ba da bayanin zuwa ga mai sarrafa ramut, kuma wannan kirtani za a iya dakatar da shi ta hanyar sarrafawa ta hanyar ramut, don haka gazawar kirtani na photovoltaic daya ba zai rage ko rinjayar aikin da makamashi ba. na dukan tsarin photovoltaic.

Inverter na igiya

String inverters sun zama mafi mashahuri inverters a cikin kasa da kasa kasuwa. Inverter na kirtani ya dogara ne akan ra'ayi na zamani. Kowane kirtani na hotovoltaic (1kW-5kW) yana wucewa ta hanyar inverter, yana da matsakaicin ikon bin diddigin iko a ƙarshen DC, kuma an haɗa shi a layi daya da grid a ƙarshen AC. Yawancin manyan shuke-shuken wutar lantarki na photovoltaic suna amfani da inverters. Amfanin shi ne cewa ba a shafa shi ta hanyar bambance-bambancen module da inuwa tsakanin igiyoyi, kuma a lokaci guda yana rage mafi kyawun aiki na kayan aikin hotovoltaic.

Rashin daidaitawa tare da inverter, don haka ƙara ƙarfin wutar lantarki. Wadannan fa'idodin fasaha ba kawai rage farashin tsarin ba, har ma suna haɓaka amincin tsarin. A lokaci guda kuma, an gabatar da manufar "bayi-bawa" tsakanin igiyoyi, ta yadda lokacin da ikon igiya ɗaya a cikin tsarin ba zai iya yin aikin inverter guda ɗaya ba, za a iya haɗa ƙungiyoyi da yawa na igiyoyi na photovoltaic tare don ba da damar ɗaya ko ɗaya. da yawa daga cikinsu su yi aiki. , don haka samar da ƙarin makamashin lantarki. Sabuwar ra'ayi shine cewa masu juyawa da yawa suna samar da "ƙungiyar" tare da juna don maye gurbin manufar "bawa-bawa", yana sa tsarin ya zama abin dogaro.

Mahara kirtani inverter

Multi-string inverter yana ɗaukar fa'idodin inverter na tsakiya da mai jujjuya kirtani, yana guje wa rashin amfanin su, kuma ana iya amfani da shi zuwa tashoshin wutar lantarki na hoto tare da kilowatts da yawa. A cikin inverter mai yawan kirtani, daban-daban na bin diddigin ikon kowane mutum da masu canza DC-zuwa-DC an haɗa su. Ana jujjuya DC zuwa wutar AC ta hanyar inverter na kowa-da-AC kuma an haɗa shi da grid. Daban-daban ratings na photovoltaic kirtani (misali daban-daban rated ikon, daban-daban na kayayyaki da kirtani, daban-daban masana'antun na kayayyaki, da dai sauransu), daban-daban masu girma dabam ko fasaha daban-daban na photovoltaic kayayyaki, daban-daban fuskantarwa na kirtani (misali: gabas, kudu da yamma) , kusurwoyi daban-daban na karkata ko shading, ana iya haɗa su zuwa inverter gama gari, tare da kowane kirtani yana aiki a iyakar iyakar ƙarfinsu. A lokaci guda, an rage tsayin kebul na DC, yana rage tasirin inuwa tsakanin igiyoyi da asarar da aka haifar da bambance-bambance tsakanin igiyoyi.

Inverter na bangaren

Module inverter yana haɗa kowane nau'in hotovoltaic zuwa inverter, kuma kowane module yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin ikon bin diddigin, ta yadda tsarin da inverter su yi haɗin gwiwa da kyau. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da su a cikin 50W zuwa 400W tashoshin wutar lantarki na hoto, jimillar inganci ya yi ƙasa da na masu juyawa na kirtani. Tunda an haɗa su a layi ɗaya a gefen AC, wannan yana ƙara rikitaccen wayoyi a gefen AC kuma yana sa kulawa da wahala. Wani abu kuma da ake buƙatar warwarewa shine yadda ake haɗawa da grid yadda ya kamata. Hanya mai sauƙi ita ce haɗi zuwa grid kai tsaye ta hanyar kwasfa na AC na yau da kullun, wanda zai iya rage farashi da shigarwar kayan aiki, amma sau da yawa matakan aminci na grid ɗin wutar lantarki a wurare daban-daban bazai ƙyale shi ba. Yin hakan, kamfanin wutar lantarki na iya ƙin haɗa na'urar da ke haɓaka kai tsaye zuwa soket na gida na yau da kullun. Wani abin da ke da alaƙa da aminci shine ko ana buƙatar na'ura mai canzawa (maɗaukakin mita ko ƙananan mitar) ko kuma an ba da izinin inverter maras canji. An fi amfani da wannan inverter a bangon labulen gilashi.

Ingantaccen Inverter Solar

Ingantacciyar inverters na hasken rana yana nufin haɓaka kasuwa don masu canza hasken rana (inverters photovoltaic) saboda buƙatar makamashi mai sabuntawa. Kuma waɗannan inverters suna buƙatar ingantaccen inganci da aminci sosai. Ana bincika da'irar wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da su a cikin waɗannan inverter kuma ana ba da shawarar mafi kyawun zaɓi don sauyawa da na'urorin gyarawa. An nuna tsarin gaba ɗaya na inverter na hoto a cikin Hoto 1. Akwai masu juyawa daban-daban guda uku don zaɓar daga. Hasken rana yana haskakawa akan na'urorin hasken rana da aka haɗa a jeri, kuma kowane nau'i yana ɗauke da saitin raka'o'in sel na hasken rana da aka haɗa a jeri. Wutar lantarki kai tsaye (DC) da aka samar ta hanyar hasken rana yana kan tsari na ɗaruruwan volts, ya danganta da yanayin haske na tsararrun tsarin, zafin jiki na sel da adadin na'urorin da aka haɗa a jeri.

Babban aikin wannan nau'in inverter shine canza ƙarfin shigarwar DC zuwa madaidaicin ƙima. Ana aiwatar da wannan aikin ta hanyar mai haɓaka haɓakawa kuma yana buƙatar haɓaka haɓakawa da haɓaka diode. A cikin gine-ginen farko, matakin haɓaka yana biye da mai canza gada keɓe. Manufar cikakken gada transfoma shine don samar da keɓewa. Ana amfani da mai jujjuya gada ta biyu akan kayan fitarwa don canza DC daga mai jujjuya gada ta farko zuwa madaurin wutar lantarki (AC). Ana tace abubuwan fitar da shi kafin a haɗa shi da cibiyar sadarwa ta AC ta hanyar ƙarin maɓalli mai lamba biyu, don samar da keɓewa mai aminci a yayin da wani kuskure da keɓancewa daga grid ɗin samarwa da daddare. Tsarin na biyu tsari ne wanda ba keɓantacce ba. Daga cikin su, wutar lantarki ta AC tana fitowa ne kai tsaye ta hanyar fitowar wutar lantarki ta DC ta matakin haɓakawa. Tsarin na uku yana amfani da ingantaccen topology na masu sauya wutar lantarki da diodes mai ƙarfi don haɗa ayyukan haɓakawa da sassan ƙarni na AC a cikin ƙayyadaddun topology, yin inverter kamar yadda zai yiwu duk da ƙarancin jujjuyawar tasirin hasken rana. Kusa da 100% amma yana da mahimmanci sosai.A Jamus, ana sa ran samfurin 3kW wanda aka sanya a kan rufin da ke fuskantar kudu zai samar da 2550 kWh kowace shekara. Idan aikin inverter ya karu daga 95% zuwa 96%, ana iya samar da ƙarin 25kWh na wutar lantarki kowace shekara. Farashin yin amfani da ƙarin kayan aikin hasken rana don samar da wannan 25kWh yayi daidai da ƙara inverter. Tunda haɓaka aiki daga 95% zuwa 96% ba zai ninka farashin mai inverter ba, saka hannun jari a cikin inverter mafi inganci zaɓi ne da babu makawa. Don ƙira masu tasowa, haɓaka ingantaccen inverter a cikin mafi kyawun farashi shine ma'aunin ƙira. Amma ga aminci da farashin inverter, su ne wasu ma'auni guda biyu. Mafi girman inganci yana rage canjin zafin jiki akan zagayowar lodi, don haka inganta aminci, don haka waɗannan jagororin suna da alaƙa da gaske. Amfani da kayayyaki kuma zai ƙara dogaro.

Ƙara mai canzawa da diode

Duk topologies da aka nuna suna buƙatar saurin sauya wutar lantarki. Matsayin haɓakawa da cikakken gada juzu'i yana buƙatar saurin sauyawa diodes. Bugu da ƙari, maɓalli da aka inganta don ƙananan mitar (100Hz) sauyawa suna da amfani ga waɗannan topologies. Ga kowane fasahar siliki da aka ba da, maɓalli da aka inganta don saurin sauyawa za su sami hasara mafi girma fiye da na'urorin da aka inganta don aikace-aikacen sauyawa mai sauƙi.

An tsara matakin haɓaka gabaɗaya azaman mai canza yanayin halin yanzu. Dangane da adadin kayan aikin hasken rana a cikin tsararrun da aka yi amfani da su a cikin inverter, zaku iya zaɓar ko kuna amfani da na'urorin 600V ko 1200V. Zaɓuɓɓuka biyu don masu sauya wuta sune MOSFETs da IGBTs. Gabaɗaya magana, MOSFETs na iya aiki a mitoci masu girma fiye da IGBTs. Bugu da ƙari, dole ne a yi la'akari da tasirin diode na jiki koyaushe: a cikin yanayin haɓaka matakin wannan ba matsala ba ne tun lokacin da diode ɗin ba ya aiki a yanayin aiki na yau da kullun. Ana iya ƙididdige asarar gudanar da MOSFET daga RDS mai juriya (ON), wanda ya yi daidai da ingantaccen yanki na mutuwa ga dangin MOSFET. Lokacin da ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki ta canza daga 600V zuwa 1200V, asarar gudanarwa na MOSFET zai ƙaru sosai. Saboda haka, ko da RDS (ON) mai ƙima ya yi daidai, 1200V MOSFET ba ya samuwa ko farashin ya yi yawa.

Don maɓallai masu haɓakawa waɗanda aka ƙididdige su a 600V, ana iya amfani da MOSFET superjunction. Don aikace-aikacen sauyawa mai girma, wannan fasaha tana da mafi kyawun asarar gudanarwa. MOSFETs tare da ƙimar RDS (ON) ƙasa da miliyan 100 a cikin fakitin TO-220 da MOSFETs tare da ƙimar RDS (ON) ƙasa da 50 milliohms a cikin fakitin TO-247. Don masu canza hasken rana da ke buƙatar sauya wutar lantarki na 1200V, IGBT shine zaɓin da ya dace. Ingantattun fasahohin IGBT na ci gaba, irin su NPT Trench da NPT Field Stop, an inganta su don rage asarar gudanarwa, amma a cikin asarar hasara mafi girma, wanda ke sa su ƙasa da dacewa don haɓaka aikace-aikacen a manyan mitoci.

Dangane da tsohuwar fasahar shirin NPT, an ƙirƙiri na'urar FGL40N120AND wacce za ta iya haɓaka ingancin da'irar haɓakawa tare da mitar sauyawa mai girma. Yana da EOFF na 43uJ/A. Idan aka kwatanta da na'urorin fasaha masu ci gaba, EOFF shine 80uJ / A, amma yana buƙatar samun wannan nau'in aikin yana da wuyar gaske. Rashin hasara na na'urar FGL40N120AND shine cewa jikewar wutar lantarki ta sauke VCE (SAT) (3.0V vs. 2.1V a 125ºC) yana da girma, amma ƙarancin sauyawar sa a babban haɓakar mitoci fiye da daidaitawa don wannan. Na'urar kuma tana haɗa diode anti-parallel diode. A ƙarƙashin aikin haɓakawa na yau da kullun, wannan diode ba zai gudana ba. Koyaya, yayin farawa ko lokacin yanayi na wucin gadi, yana yiwuwa a tura da'irar haɓakawa zuwa yanayin aiki, a cikin wannan yanayin diode anti-parallel zai gudanar. Tun da IGBT da kansa ba shi da diode na jiki na zahiri, ana buƙatar wannan diode ɗin da aka haɗa don tabbatar da ingantaccen aiki. Don haɓaka diodes, diodes mai saurin dawowa kamar Stealth™ ko carbon silicon diodes ana buƙatar. Lokacin zabar diode mai haɓakawa, dole ne a yi la'akari da tasirin dawo da halin yanzu (ko junction capacitance na carbon-silicon diode) akan maɓallin haɓakawa, saboda wannan zai haifar da ƙarin asara. Anan, sabon ƙaddamar da Stealth II diode FFP08S60S na iya samar da babban aiki. Lokacin da VDD = 390V, ID = 8A, di/dt=200A/mu, kuma yanayin yanayin yanayi shine 100ºC, asarar sauyawar da aka ƙididdige ta yi ƙasa da ma'aunin FFP08S60S na 205mJ. Amfani da ISL9R860P2 Stealth diode, wannan darajar ta kai 225mJ. Sabili da haka, wannan kuma yana inganta ingantaccen inverter a manyan juzu'i masu sauyawa.

Gada switches da diodes

Bayan MOSFET cikakken gada tace, gadar fitarwa tana haifar da wutar lantarki ta sinusoidal 50Hz da siginar yanzu. Aiwatar gama gari ita ce a yi amfani da daidaitattun gine-ginen gada (Hoto na 2). A cikin adadi, idan an kunna maɓallan hagu na sama da ƙananan dama, ana ɗora wutar lantarki mai kyau tsakanin tashoshi na hagu da dama; idan an kunna maɓallan hagu na sama da na hagu, ana loda wutar lantarki mara kyau tsakanin tashoshi na hagu da dama. Don wannan aikace-aikacen, kunnawa ɗaya ne kawai a cikin wani ɗan lokaci. Za'a iya canza sau ɗaya zuwa babban mitar PWM da sauran sauyawa zuwa ƙananan mitar 50Hz. Tun lokacin da kebul na bootstrap ya dogara da juyawa na ƙananan na'urori masu ƙarancin ƙarfi, ƙananan na'urori suna canzawa zuwa babban mita na PWM, yayin da na'urori masu mahimmanci suna canzawa zuwa ƙananan mita 50Hz. Wannan aikace-aikacen yana amfani da wutar lantarki na 600V, don haka 600V superjunction MOSFET ya dace da wannan na'ura mai saurin sauyawa. Saboda waɗannan na'urori masu sauyawa za su iya jure jure yanayin dawo da sauran na'urori lokacin da mai kunnawa ke kunne, na'urorin superjunction masu saurin dawowa kamar 600V FCH47N60F zaɓi ne masu kyau. RDS (ON) ita ce 73 milliohms, kuma asarar tafiyar da ita ba ta da yawa idan aka kwatanta da sauran na'urori masu kama da sauri. Lokacin da wannan na'urar ta canza a 50Hz, babu buƙatar amfani da fasalin farfadowa da sauri. Waɗannan na'urori suna da kyawawan halaye na dv/dt da di/dt, waɗanda ke haɓaka amincin tsarin idan aka kwatanta da daidaitattun MOSFETs superjunction.

Wani zaɓi da ya cancanci bincike shine amfani da na'urar FGH30N60LSD. Yana da 30A/600V IGBT tare da saturation irin ƙarfin lantarki VCE(SAT) na 1.1V kawai. Asararsa ta kashe EOFF tana da girma sosai, ta kai 10mJ, don haka ya dace da jujjuyawar ƙananan mitoci kawai. MOSFET milliohm 50 yana da RDS (ON) kan juriya na 100 milliohms a zafin aiki. Saboda haka, a 11A, yana da VDS iri ɗaya da VCE (SAT) na IGBT. Tun da wannan IGBT ya dogara ne akan tsohuwar fasahar rushewa, VCE(SAT) baya canzawa da yawa tare da zafin jiki. Wannan IGBT don haka yana rage asarar gabaɗaya a cikin gadar fitarwa, ta haka yana haɓaka haɓakar inverter gabaɗaya. Gaskiyar cewa FGH30N60LSD IGBT yana jujjuya daga fasahar jujjuya wutar lantarki ɗaya zuwa wata kwazo topology kowane rabin sake zagayowar shima yana da amfani. Ana amfani da IGBTs a nan azaman masu sauya yanayi. Don saurin sauyawa, ana amfani da na'urori na al'ada da na dawo da sauri. Don 1200V ƙaddamar da topology da cikakken tsarin gada, FGL40N120AND da aka ambata a baya shine canji wanda ya dace da sababbin masu jujjuya hasken rana. Lokacin da fasaha na musamman ke buƙatar diodes, Stealth II, Hyperfast™ II diodes da carbon-silicon diodes sune manyan mafita.

aiki:

Mai jujjuyawar ba wai kawai yana da aikin DC zuwa canjin AC ba, har ma yana da aikin haɓaka aikin ƙwayoyin rana da aikin kariyar kuskuren tsarin. A taƙaice, akwai ayyuka masu gudana ta atomatik da kashewa, matsakaicin aikin sarrafa ikon sa ido, aikin rigakafin aiki mai zaman kansa (don tsarin haɗin grid), aikin daidaita wutar lantarki ta atomatik (don tsarin haɗin grid), aikin gano DC (don tsarin haɗin grid). ), da kuma gano ƙasa na DC. Aiki (don tsarin haɗin grid). Anan akwai taƙaitaccen gabatarwar zuwa ayyuka masu gudana ta atomatik da kashewa da matsakaicin aikin sarrafa wutar lantarki.

Aiki ta atomatik da aikin rufewa: Bayan fitowar rana da safe, ƙarfin hasken rana yana ƙaruwa a hankali, kuma fitowar tantanin rana shima yana ƙaruwa. Lokacin da ƙarfin fitarwa da ake buƙata don aikin inverter ya isa, mai inverter yana farawa ta atomatik. Bayan shigar da aiki, injin inverter zai sa ido kan yadda za a fitar da kayan aikin hasken rana a kowane lokaci. Matukar ƙarfin fitarwa na ƙirar hasken rana ya fi ƙarfin fitarwa da ake buƙata don aikin inverter, inverter zai ci gaba da aiki; zai tsaya har sai faduwar rana, ko da inverter kuma zai iya yin aiki a ranakun damina. Lokacin da fitowar tsarin hasken rana ya zama ƙarami kuma fitarwar inverter ya kusanci 0, mai inverter ya shiga yanayin jiran aiki.

Matsakaicin aikin sarrafa ikon bin diddigin wutar lantarki: Fitowar samfurin sinadari na hasken rana yana canzawa tare da ƙarfin hasken rana da kuma yanayin zafin na'urar tantanin rana kanta (zazzabi guntu). Bugu da kari, saboda nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta na hasken rana suna da halayyar cewa ƙarfin lantarki yana raguwa yayin da yake ƙaruwa, akwai wurin aiki mafi kyau wanda zai iya samun matsakaicin ƙarfi. Ƙarfin hasken rana yana canzawa, kuma a bayyane yake mafi kyawun wurin aiki shima yana canzawa. Masu alaƙa da waɗannan canje-canje, wurin aiki na tsarin hasken rana koyaushe ana kiyaye shi a matsakaicin wurin wutar lantarki, kuma tsarin koyaushe yana samun matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki daga tsarin hasken rana. Irin wannan iko shine matsakaicin ikon sa ido na wuta. Babban fasalin inverters da ake amfani da su a cikin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki shine cewa sun haɗa da matsakaicin aikin sa ido na wutar lantarki (MPPT).

nau'in

Rarraba iyakokin aikace-aikace

(1) Inverter na yau da kullun

DC 12V ko 24V shigarwar, AC 220V, 50Hz fitarwa, iko daga 75W zuwa 5000W, wasu model suna da AC da DC canza, wato, UPS aiki.

(2) Inverter/caja duk-in-daya inji

A cikin irin wannan nau'in inverter, masu amfani za su iya amfani da nau'ikan wutar lantarki daban-daban don kunna nauyin AC: idan akwai wutar AC, ana amfani da wutar AC don kunna lodi ta hanyar inverter, ko don cajin baturi; lokacin da babu wutar AC, ana amfani da baturi don kunna nauyin AC. . Ana iya amfani da shi tare da hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki daban-daban: batura, janareta, hasken rana da injin turbin iska.

(3) Inverter na musamman don gidan waya da sadarwa

Samar da inverter 48V masu inganci don ayyukan gidan waya da na sadarwa. Samfuran suna da inganci, babban abin dogaro, na zamani (module shine 1KW) inverters, kuma suna da aikin sakewa na N+1 kuma ana iya faɗaɗawa (ikon daga 2KW zuwa 20KW). ).

(4) Na musamman inverter don jirgin sama da soja

Wannan nau'in inverter yana da shigarwar 28Vdc kuma yana iya samar da abubuwan AC masu zuwa: 26Vac, 115Vac, 230Vac. Mitar fitarwa na iya zama: 50Hz, 60Hz da 400Hz, kuma ƙarfin fitarwa ya tashi daga 30VA zuwa 3500VA. Akwai kuma masu canza DC-DC da masu sauya mitar da aka keɓe don jirgin sama.

Fitowar waveform rarrabuwa

(1) Square kalaman inverter

Fitar da igiyar wutar lantarki ta AC ta madaidaicin igiyar motsin murabba'in igiyar ruwa. Hanyoyin inverter da irin wannan nau'in inverter ke amfani da su ba daidai ba ne, amma abin da ake amfani da shi shine cewa kewaye yana da sauƙi kuma yawan bututun wutar lantarki da ake amfani da su ba su da yawa. Ikon ƙira gabaɗaya yana tsakanin watt ɗari da kilowatt ɗaya. Abubuwan da ke tattare da inverter na murabba'in raƙuman ruwa sune: kewayawa mai sauƙi, farashi mai arha da kulawa mai sauƙi. Rashin hasara shi ne ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai murabba'in mita yana ƙunshe da adadi mai yawa na masu jituwa masu inganci, wanda zai haifar da ƙarin asara a cikin na'urori masu ɗaukar nauyi tare da inductor core ko transfoma, haifar da tsangwama ga rediyo da wasu kayan sadarwa. Bugu da kari, wannan nau'in inverter yana da gazawa kamar ƙarancin ikon sarrafa wutar lantarki, aikin kariya da bai cika ba, da ƙaramar ƙararrawa.

(2) Mai jujjuya motsin mataki

Fitar da wutar lantarki ta AC ta irin wannan nau'in inverter shine motsin mataki. Akwai layuka daban-daban da yawa don inverter don gane fitowar igiyar matakin mataki, kuma adadin matakan da ke cikin siginar fitarwa ya bambanta sosai. Amfanin mai jujjuyawar matakin mataki shine cewa ficewar fitacciyar sigar tana da inganci sosai idan aka kwatanta da raƙuman murabba'in, kuma an rage babban tsari mai jituwa. Lokacin da matakan suka kai sama da 17, siginar fitarwa na iya cimma igiyar sinusoidal. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da kayan aiki mara amfani, aikin gabaɗaya yana da yawa sosai. Rashin hasara shi ne cewa da'irar maɗaukakiyar tsani tana amfani da bututun sauya wuta da yawa, kuma wasu nau'ikan da'irar suna buƙatar saiti masu yawa na abubuwan shigar wutar DC. Wannan yana kawo matsala ga haɗawa da wayoyi na wayoyin salula na hasken rana da daidaiton cajin batura. Bugu da kari, wutar lantarkin matakala har yanzu tana da tsangwama mai yawa ga radiyo da wasu kayan sadarwa.

Sine wave inverter

Fitar da wutar lantarki ta AC ta hanyar sine wave inverter shine sine wave. Abubuwan da ke tattare da inverter na sine wave shine cewa yana da kyakkyawan yanayin fitarwa, ƙarancin murdiya, ƙarancin tsangwama ga rediyo da kayan aiki, da ƙaramar amo. Bugu da ƙari, yana da cikakkun ayyuka na kariya da babban inganci gabaɗaya. Abubuwan da ba su da amfani su ne: kewayawa yana da ɗan rikitarwa, yana buƙatar fasaha mai girma, kuma yana da tsada.

Rarraba nau'ikan nau'ikan inverter guda uku na sama yana taimakawa masu zanen kaya da masu amfani da tsarin hoto da tsarin wutar lantarki don ganowa da zaɓar masu juyawa. A gaskiya ma, inverters masu nau'in igiyar ruwa iri ɗaya har yanzu suna da babban bambance-bambance a cikin ka'idodin kewayawa, na'urorin da aka yi amfani da su, hanyoyin sarrafawa, da dai sauransu.

Sauran hanyoyin rarrabawa

1. Bisa ga mitar fitarwa AC ikon, za a iya raba zuwa ikon mitar inverter, matsakaici mita inverter da high mita inverter. Yawan mitar wutar lantarki shine 50 zuwa 60Hz; mitar matsakaicin mitar inverter gabaɗaya 400Hz zuwa fiye da kHz goma; mitar babban mitar inverter gabaɗaya ya fi kHz goma zuwa MHz.

2. Dangane da adadin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan inverter, ana iya raba shi zuwa inverter mai juzu'i guda ɗaya, mai jujjuyawar matakai uku da inverter multiphase.

3. Dangane da inda wutar lantarki ta inverter ta nufa, za a iya raba shi zuwa mai inverter mai aiki da kuma inverter. Duk wani inverter da ya aika da wutar lantarki ta hanyar inverter zuwa ma'aunin wutar lantarki ana kiransa da aiki inverter; duk wani inverter da ya aika da wutar lantarki ta hanyar inverter zuwa wani nau'in wutar lantarki ana kiransa passive inverter. na'urar.

4. Bisa ga nau'i na inverter main circuit, shi za a iya raba guda-karshen inverter, tura-pull inverter, rabin gada inverter da cikakken gada inverter.

5. Dangane da nau'in babban na'ura mai sauyawa na inverter, ana iya raba shi zuwa thyristor inverter, transistor inverter, field effect inverter da insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) inverter. Ana iya kasu kashi biyu: “Semi-controlled” inverter da “cikakken sarrafawa” inverter. Na farko ba shi da ikon kashe kansa, kuma bangaren yana rasa aikin sarrafa shi bayan an kunna shi, don haka ake kiransa "Semi-controlled" kuma thyristors na yau da kullun suna shiga cikin wannan nau'in; na karshen yana da ikon kashe kansa, wato babu na'ura Ana iya sarrafa kunnawa da kashewa ta hanyar lantarki, don haka ana kiranta "nau'in sarrafawa cikakke". Tasirin filin wutar lantarki da transistor masu wutan lantarki (IGBT) duk suna cikin wannan rukunin.

6. Bisa ga samar da wutar lantarki na DC, ana iya raba shi zuwa mai canza wutar lantarki (VSI) da kuma na yanzu (CSI). A cikin tsohon, ƙarfin wutar lantarki na DC yana kusa dawwama, kuma ƙarfin fitarwa shine madaidaicin igiyar murabba'i; a karshen, halin yanzu na DC yana kusa dawwama, kuma abin da ake fitarwa yanzu shine madaidaicin madauwari.

7. Dangane da hanyar sarrafa inverter, ana iya raba shi zuwa inverter modulation (PFM) da pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter.

8. Bisa ga aiki yanayin da inverter sauyawa da'irar, shi za a iya raba zuwa resonant inverter, kafaffen mita wuya sauya inverter da kafaffen mita taushi sauyawa inverter.

9. Bisa ga hanyar commutation na inverter, za a iya raba shi zuwa nau'i-nau'i-nau'i da inverter.

Sigar ayyuka:

Akwai sigogi da yawa da yanayin fasaha waɗanda ke bayyana aikin inverter. Anan muna ba da taƙaitaccen bayani game da sigogin fasaha da aka saba amfani da su yayin kimanta inverters.

1. Yanayin muhalli don amfani da inverter. Al'ada amfani yanayi na inverter: tsawo ba ya wuce 1000m, da kuma iska zafin jiki ne 0 ~ + 40 ℃.

2. Yanayin shigar da wutar lantarki na DC, shigar da kewayon canjin wutar lantarki na DC: ± 15% na ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki na fakitin baturi.

3. Ƙimar fitarwa mai ƙima, a cikin ƙayyadaddun kewayon juzu'i masu izini na shigar da wutar lantarki na DC, yana wakiltar ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki wanda inverter ya kamata ya iya fitarwa. Tsayayyen daidaito na ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙima gabaɗaya yana da tanadi masu zuwa:

(1) Yayin aiki a tsaye, ya kamata a iyakance kewayon jujjuyawar wutar lantarki, alal misali, karkacewar sa bai kamata ya wuce ± 3% ko ± 5% na ƙimar ƙima ba.

(2) A cikin yanayi mai ƙarfi inda kaya ke canzawa ba zato ba tsammani ko wasu abubuwan tsangwama suka shafa, karkacewar ƙarfin wutar lantarki bai kamata ya wuce ± 8% ko ± 10% na ƙimar ƙima ba.

4. Rated fitarwa mita, mita na inverter fitarwa AC ƙarfin lantarki ya zama in mun gwada da barga darajar, yawanci ikon mita na 50Hz. Ya kamata karkacewa ya kasance cikin ± 1% a ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki na yau da kullun.

5. Rated fitarwa halin yanzu (ko rated fitarwa iya aiki) yana nuna rated fitarwa halin yanzu na inverter a cikin kayyade load ikon factor kewayon. Wasu samfuran inverter suna ba da ƙimar fitarwa mai ƙima, wanda aka bayyana a cikin VA ko kVA. Matsakaicin ƙarfin inverter shine lokacin da abin da ake fitarwa ya zama 1 (wato, lodin juriya zalla), ƙimar ƙarfin fitarwa shine samfurin da aka ƙididdige fitarwa na halin yanzu.

6. rated fitarwa yadda ya dace. Ingantattun inverter shine rabon ƙarfin fitarwa zuwa ikon shigarwa ƙarƙashin ƙayyadadden yanayin aiki, wanda aka bayyana a cikin %. Inverter na inverter a rated fitarwa iya aiki ne cikakken load yadda ya dace, da kuma yadda ya dace a 10% na rated fitarwa iya aiki ne low load yadda ya dace.

7. Matsakaicin jituwa abun ciki na inverter. Don inverter sine, a ƙarƙashin nauyin juriya, matsakaicin abun ciki na jituwa na ƙarfin fitarwa ya kamata ya zama ≤10%.

8. Matsakaicin nauyin mai jujjuyawar yana nufin iyawar inverter don fitarwa fiye da ƙimar halin yanzu a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun yanayi. Matsakaicin nauyin mai jujjuyawar ya kamata ya dace da wasu buƙatu a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadadden yanayin ƙarfin kaya.

9. Ingantaccen inverter shine rabo na inverter fitarwa mai aiki mai aiki zuwa shigar da wutar lantarki mai aiki (ko ikon DC) a ƙarƙashin ƙimar fitarwa mai ƙima, fitarwa na yanzu da ƙayyadaddun wutar lantarki.

10. Load ikon factor wakiltar inverter ta ikon ɗaukar inductive ko capacitive lodi. A karkashin yanayi na sine, ma'aunin wutar lantarki shine 0.7 ~ 0.9 (lag), kuma ƙimar ƙimar ita ce 0.9.

11. Load asymmetry. A ƙarƙashin nauyin asymmetric 10%, asymmetry na ƙarfin fitarwa na ƙayyadaddun inverter mai ƙayyadaddun lokaci uku yakamata ya zama ≤10%.

12. Rashin daidaituwar wutar lantarki na fitarwa. Karkashin yanayin aiki na yau da kullun, rashin daidaituwar wutar lantarki mai kashi uku (rabin juzu'in juzu'in juzu'i zuwa ingantaccen tsarin jeri) fitarwa ta inverter bai kamata ya wuce ƙayyadadden ƙima ba, gabaɗaya ana bayyana shi cikin%, kamar 5 % ko 8%.

13. Farawa halaye: A karkashin al'ada aiki yanayi, da inverter ya kamata ya iya fara kullum 5 sau a jere a karkashin cikakken load kuma babu-load aiki yanayin.

14. Ayyukan kariya, ya kamata a saita inverter: gajeriyar kariya ta kewaye, kariya ta wuce gona da iri, kariyar yawan zafin jiki, kariya mai yawa, kariya ta rashin ƙarfi da kariyar asarar lokaci. Daga cikin su, kariyar overvoltage yana nufin cewa ga masu juyawa ba tare da matakan daidaitawar wutar lantarki ba, yakamata a sami matakan kariya daga wuce gona da iri don kare mummunan tasha daga lalacewa ta hanyar wuce gona da iri. Kariyar wuce gona da iri tana nufin kariyar mai jujjuyawa, wanda yakamata ya iya tabbatar da aikin da ya dace lokacin da nauyin ya yi gajeriyar kewayawa ko kuma na yanzu ya wuce ƙimar da aka yarda don kare shi daga lalacewa ta hanyar karuwa a halin yanzu.

15. Tsangwama da tsangwama, mai juyawa ya kamata ya iya tsayayya da tsangwama na lantarki a cikin yanayin gaba ɗaya a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun yanayin aiki na al'ada. Ayyukan hana tsangwama da daidaitawar wutar lantarki na inverter yakamata su bi ka'idodi masu dacewa.

16. Masu jujjuyawar da ba a sarrafa su akai-akai, kulawa da kiyayewa yakamata su kasance ≤95db; inverters waɗanda ake yawan sarrafawa, kulawa da kiyayewa yakamata su kasance ≤80db.

17. Nuni, mai inverter ya kamata a sanye shi da nunin bayanai na sigogi kamar ƙarfin fitarwa na AC, fitarwa na halin yanzu da fitarwa, da sigina na shigarwar rayuwa, kuzari da matsayi mara kyau.

18. Aikin sadarwa. Ayyukan sadarwa na nesa yana ba masu amfani damar duba yanayin aiki na injin da kuma adana bayanan ba tare da zuwa wurin ba.

19. Karkatar da waveform na ƙarfin fitarwa. Lokacin da ƙarfin fitarwar inverter ya kasance sinusoidal, matsakaicin iyakar iyawar karkatacciyar hanyar igiyar ruwa (ko abun ciki mai jituwa) yakamata a ƙayyade. Yawancin lokaci ana bayyana shi azaman jumlar murdiya na ƙarfin wutar lantarki, ƙimar sa bai kamata ya wuce 5% ba (an yarda da 10% don fitowar lokaci ɗaya).

20. Halayen farawa, waɗanda ke nuna ikon inverter don farawa tare da kaya da aikin sa yayin aiki mai ƙarfi. Mai jujjuyawar ya kamata ya tabbatar da abin dogaron farawa ƙarƙashin ƙimar ƙima.

21. Surutu. Masu canji, masu tacewa, masu sauya wutar lantarki, fanfo da sauran abubuwan da ke cikin kayan lantarki duk suna haifar da hayaniya. Lokacin da inverter ke aiki akai-akai, sautin sa bai kamata ya wuce 80dB ba, kuma karar ƙaramin inverter kada ya wuce 65dB.

Halayen baturi:

PV baturi

Don haɓaka tsarin inverter na hasken rana, yana da mahimmanci a fara fahimtar halaye daban-daban na sel na hasken rana (kwayoyin PV). Rp da Rs juriya ne na parasitic, waɗanda ba su da iyaka da sifili bi da bi a ƙarƙashin ingantattun yanayi.

Ƙarfin haske da zafin jiki na iya tasiri sosai ga halayen aiki na ƙwayoyin PV. Halin halin yanzu yana daidai da ƙarfin hasken, amma canje-canje a cikin haske ba su da ɗan tasiri akan ƙarfin aiki. Koyaya, zafin jiki yana shafar ƙarfin aiki. Ƙara yawan zafin baturi yana rage ƙarfin aiki amma ba shi da ɗan tasiri akan abin da ake samarwa na yanzu. Hoton da ke ƙasa yana kwatanta tasirin zafin jiki da haske akan samfuran PV.

Canje-canje a cikin ƙarfin haske yana da babban tasiri akan ƙarfin fitarwar baturi fiye da canje-canjen zafin jiki. Wannan gaskiya ne ga duk kayan PV da aka saba amfani da su. Muhimmin sakamako na haɗuwa da waɗannan tasirin guda biyu shine ikon ƙwayar PV yana raguwa tare da raguwar ƙarfin haske da/ko ƙara yawan zafin jiki.

Matsakaicin Wutar Wuta (MPP)

Kwayoyin hasken rana na iya aiki a kan nau'ikan wutar lantarki da igiyoyi. Ana ƙayyade MPP ta ci gaba da ƙara ƙarfin juriya akan tantanin halitta mai haske daga sifili (gajeren taron da'ira) zuwa ƙima mai girma (buɗewar taron kewaye). MPP shine wurin aiki wanda V x I ya kai iyakar ƙimarsa kuma a wannan ƙarfin hasken za'a iya samun mafi girman iko. Ƙarfin fitarwa lokacin da ɗan gajeren da'ira (PV ƙarfin lantarki yayi daidai da sifili) ko buɗaɗɗen da'ira (PV halin yanzu daidai sifili) abin ya faru ba shi da sifili.

Kwayoyin hasken rana na silicon monocrystalline masu inganci suna samar da buɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki na 0.60 volts a zazzabi na 25 ° C. Tare da cikakken hasken rana da zafin iska na 25°C, zazzabin tantanin halitta na iya zama kusa da 45°C, wanda zai rage buɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki zuwa kusan 0.55V. Yayin da zafin jiki ya ƙaru, ƙarfin lantarki na buɗewa yana ci gaba da raguwa har zuwa gajeriyar kewayawa Module PV.

Matsakaicin wutar lantarki a zafin baturi na 45°C yawanci ana samarwa ne a 80% buɗaɗɗen ƙarfin lantarki da 90% gajeriyar kewaye. Tsawon gajeren lokaci na baturin yana kusan daidai da hasken wuta, kuma buɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki na iya raguwa kawai da 10% lokacin da aka rage hasken da 80%. Ƙananan batura masu inganci za su rage ƙarfin lantarki da sauri lokacin da halin yanzu ya ƙaru, don haka rage ƙarfin da ake samu. Sakamakon ya ragu daga 70% zuwa 50%, ko ma kashi 25% kawai.

Dole ne microinverter na hasken rana ya tabbatar da cewa samfuran PV suna aiki a MPP a kowane lokaci don a iya samun matsakaicin ƙarfi daga samfuran PV. Ana iya samun wannan ta amfani da madaidaicin madauki mai sarrafa wutar lantarki, wanda kuma aka sani da Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT). Samun babban rabo na bin diddigin MPP shima yana buƙatar cewa ɗigon wutar lantarki na PV yana da ƙanƙanta don haka PV halin yanzu baya canzawa da yawa yayin aiki kusa da matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki.

Ana iya bayyana kewayon ƙarfin lantarki na MPP na samfuran PV a cikin kewayon 25V zuwa 45V, tare da ƙarfin ƙarfin kusan 250W da buɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki ƙasa da 50V.

Amfani da kulawa:

amfani

1. Haɗa da shigar da kayan aiki daidai da buƙatun aikin inverter da umarnin kulawa. A lokacin shigarwa, ya kamata ku duba a hankali: ko diamita na waya ya dace da bukatun; ko abubuwan da aka gyara da tashoshi suna kwance yayin sufuri; ko sassan da aka rufe suna da kyau sosai; ko tushen tsarin ya cika ka'idoji.

2. Ya kamata a yi amfani da inverter kuma a yi amfani da shi sosai daidai da umarnin don amfani da kiyayewa. Musamman: kafin kunna na'ura, kula da ko ƙarfin shigarwar al'ada ne; yayin aiki, kula da ko jerin kunnawa da kashe na'urar daidai ne, kuma ko alamun kowace mita da hasken nuni na al'ada ne.

3. Inverters gabaɗaya suna da kariya ta atomatik don fashewar da'irar, wuce gona da iri, yawan ƙarfin wuta, zafi da sauran abubuwa, don haka lokacin da waɗannan abubuwan suka faru, babu buƙatar rufewa da hannu; wuraren kariya na kariya ta atomatik ana saita gabaɗaya a masana'anta, kuma babu buƙatar sake daidaitawa.

4. Akwai babban ƙarfin lantarki a cikin majalisar inverter. Gabaɗaya ba a yarda masu aiki su buɗe ƙofar majalisar ba, kuma ƙofar majalisar ya kamata a kulle a lokuta na yau da kullun.

5. Lokacin da yawan zafin jiki ya wuce 30 ° C, ya kamata a dauki matakan zafi da sanyi don hana gazawar kayan aiki da kuma tsawaita rayuwar kayan aiki.

Kulawa da dubawa

1. Duba akai-akai ko wiring na kowane bangare na inverter yana da ƙarfi kuma ko akwai sako-sako. Musamman, fan, tsarin wutar lantarki, tashar shigarwa, tashar fitarwa da ƙasa yakamata a bincika a hankali.

2. Da zarar ƙararrawa ta kashe, ba a bari a fara tashi nan da nan. Yakamata a gano sanadin kuma a gyara kafin farawa. Ya kamata a gudanar da binciken sosai daidai da matakan da aka kayyade a cikin littafin kulawa na inverter.

3. Masu aiki dole ne su sami horo na musamman kuma su iya tantance musabbabin kurakuran gaba ɗaya tare da kawar da su, kamar maye gurbin fis, kayan aiki, da allunan da'ira da suka lalace. Ba a ba wa ma'aikatan da ba a horar da su damar sarrafa kayan aikin ba.

4. Idan wani hatsarin ya faru wanda ke da wahalar kawarwa ko kuma ba a san musabbabin hatsarin ba, sai a adana cikakkun bayanan hatsarin kuma a sanar da mai kera inverter a kan lokaci don warwarewa.