Takaitaccen Tattaunawa akan nau'ikan Kwayoyin Rana

makamashin hasken rana ya kasance ma'adanin na'urorin zamani na zamani da wasu na'urori masu kayatarwa, amma ba haka lamarin yake ba. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, makamashin hasken rana ya rikide daga tushen makamashi zuwa babban ginshiƙi na yanayin makamashin duniya.

Duniya na ci gaba da fallasa zuwa kusan 173,000TW na hasken rana, wanda ya ninka adadin wutar lantarki fiye da sau goma a duniya.

[1] Wannan yana nufin cewa hasken rana yana da ikon biyan dukkan bukatun makamashinmu.

A farkon rabin shekarar 2023, samar da hasken rana ya kai kashi 5.77% na yawan samar da wutar lantarkin Amurka, daga kashi 4.95% a shekarar 2022.

[2] Kodayake burbushin mai (mafi yawan iskar gas da gawayi) zai kai kusan kashi 60.4% na samar da wutar lantarki a Amurka a shekarar 2022,

[3] Amma tasirin tasirin hasken rana da saurin bunƙasa fasahar makamashin hasken rana ya cancanci kulawa.

 

Nau'in ƙwayoyin rana

 

A halin yanzu, akwai manyan nau'ikan sel uku na hasken rana (wanda kuma aka sani da ƙwayoyin photovoltaic (PV)) akan kasuwa: crystalline, fim ɗin bakin ciki, da fasaha masu tasowa. Waɗannan nau'ikan batura guda uku suna da nasu fa'idodin dangane da inganci, farashi, da tsawon rayuwa.

 

01 crystal

Mafi yawan rukunan hasken rana na gida an yi su ne daga silicon monocrystalline mai tsabta. Irin wannan baturi ya sami inganci fiye da 26% da kuma rayuwar sabis fiye da shekaru 30 a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.

[4] Ingantattun hanyoyin hasken rana na gida yana da kusan kashi 22%.

 

Silikon Polycrystalline yana da ƙasa da silicon monocrystalline, amma ba shi da inganci kuma yana da ɗan gajeren rayuwa. Ƙananan inganci yana nufin ƙarin bangarori da ƙarin yanki da ake buƙatar.

 

Kwayoyin hasken rana bisa ga fasahar gallium arsenide (GaAs) mai haɗin gwiwa da yawa sun fi inganci fiye da ƙwayoyin hasken rana na gargajiya. Wadannan sel suna da tsari mai nau'i-nau'i, kuma kowane Layer yana amfani da wani abu daban-daban, irin su indium gallium phosphide (GaInP), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) da germanium (Ge), don ɗaukar tsawon mabambanta na hasken rana. Ko da yake ana sa ran waɗannan sel ɗin multijunction za su sami babban inganci, har yanzu suna fama da tsadar masana'antu da ƙarancin bincike da haɓakawa, wanda ke iyakance yuwuwar kasuwancin su da aikace-aikacen aiki.

 

02 fimu

Babban abin da ake amfani da shi na siriri-fim na ɗaukar hoto a cikin kasuwar duniya shine cadmium telluride (CdTe) kayan aikin hoto. An shigar da miliyoyin irin waɗannan samfuran a duk faɗin duniya, tare da mafi girman ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki fiye da 30GW. Ana amfani da su musamman don samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani a cikin Amurka. masana'anta.

 

A cikin wannan fasahar siraren fim, tsarin hasken rana mai murabba'in mita 1 ya ƙunshi ƙarancin cadmium fiye da batirin nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) mai girman AAA. Bugu da kari, cadmium a cikin kayan aikin hasken rana yana daure zuwa tellurium, wanda ba ya narkewa a cikin ruwa kuma ya tsaya tsayin daka a yanayin zafi sama da 1,200 ° C. Wadannan abubuwan suna rage haɗari masu guba na amfani da cadmium telluride a cikin batura masu sirara.

 

Abun da ke cikin tellurium a cikin ɓawon ƙasa shine kashi 0.001 ne kawai a kowace miliyan. Kamar dai platinum wani abu ne da ba kasafai ba, ƙarancin tellurium na iya yin tasiri sosai kan farashin na'urar cadmium telluride. Duk da haka, yana yiwuwa a kawar da wannan matsala ta hanyar sake yin amfani da su.

Ingantattun samfuran cadmium telluride na iya kaiwa 18.6%, kuma ƙarfin baturi a cikin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya wuce 22%. [5] Yin amfani da arsenic doping don maye gurbin jan karfe doping, wanda aka yi amfani da shi na dogon lokaci, na iya inganta yanayin rayuwa sosai kuma ya kai matakin kwatankwacin batirin crystal.

 

03 Fasaha masu tasowa

 

Hanyoyin fasahar hoto masu tasowa ta yin amfani da fina-finai masu banƙyama (kasa da 1 micron) da kuma fasahar ƙaddamarwa kai tsaye za su rage farashin samarwa da samar da ingantattun na'urori masu mahimmanci don ƙwayoyin hasken rana. Ana tsammanin waɗannan fasahohin za su zama masu fafatawa ga kafaffen kayan kamar silicon, cadmium telluride da gallium arsenide.

 

[6] Akwai sanannun fasahar fina-finai na bakin ciki guda uku a cikin wannan filin: zinc tin sulfide (Cu2ZnSnS4 ko CZTS), zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) da carbon nanotubes mai bango guda (SWCNT). A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, jan karfe indium gallium selenide (CIGS) sel masu hasken rana sun kai ingantaccen inganci na 22.4%. Koyaya, maimaita irin waɗannan matakan inganci akan sikelin kasuwanci ya kasance ƙalubale.

[7]Lead halide perovskite bakin ciki film Kwayoyin fasaha ne mai ban sha'awa da ke fitowa daga hasken rana. Perovskite wani nau'in abu ne wanda ke da tsari na musamman na tsarin sinadarai ABX3. Ma'adinai ne mai launin rawaya, launin ruwan kasa ko baƙar fata wanda babban sashinsa shine calcium titanate (CaTiO3). Kwayoyin hasken rana na perovskite tandem na siliki na kasuwanci wanda kamfanin Burtaniya Oxford PV ya samar sun sami ingantaccen rikodin 28.6% kuma za su fara samarwa a wannan shekara.

[8] A cikin ƴan shekaru kaɗan, perovskite solar cells sun sami ingantattun ingantattun abubuwa kamar na sel cadmium telluride thin-film sel. A cikin farkon bincike da haɓaka batir na perovskite, tsawon rayuwa ya kasance babban al'amari, gajere cewa ana iya ƙididdige shi a cikin watanni kawai.

A yau, ƙwayoyin perovskite suna da rayuwar sabis na shekaru 25 ko fiye. A halin yanzu, abubuwan da ake amfani da su na perovskite solar sel sune babban ƙarfin juzu'i (fiye da 25%), ƙananan farashin samarwa da ƙananan yanayin zafi da ake buƙata don tsarin samarwa.

 

Gina hadedde na'urorin hasken rana

 

An tsara wasu sel na hasken rana don ɗaukar wani yanki na bakan hasken rana yayin barin hasken da ake iya gani ya wuce. Wadannan kwayoyin halitta masu gaskiya ana kiransu dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC) kuma an haife su a Switzerland a 1991. Sabbin sakamakon R&D a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ya inganta ingancin DSCs, kuma mai yiwuwa ba da daɗewa ba kafin waɗannan na'urorin hasken rana za su kasance a kasuwa.

 

Wasu kamfanoni suna shigar da nanoparticles inorganic a cikin yaduddukan gilashin polycarbonate. Nanoparticles a cikin wannan fasaha yana canza takamaiman sassa na bakan zuwa gefen gilashin, yana barin yawancin bakan su wuce. Hasken da aka tattara a gefen gilashin yana amfani da ƙwayoyin rana. Bugu da kari, ana nazarin fasahar yin amfani da kayan fim na bakin ciki na perovskite zuwa tagogin hasken rana da kuma ginin bangon waje a halin yanzu.

 

Danyen kayan da ake buƙata don makamashin hasken rana

Don haɓaka ƙarfin hasken rana, buƙatar hakar ma'adinai na mahimman albarkatun ƙasa kamar silicon, azurfa, jan karfe da aluminum za su ƙaru. Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka ta bayyana cewa kusan kashi 12% na nau'in silicon (MGS) na duniya ana sarrafa su zuwa polysilicon don hasken rana.

 

Kasar Sin babbar kasa ce a wannan fanni, tana samar da kusan kashi 70% na MGS na duniya da kashi 77% na samar da sinadarin polysilicon a shekarar 2020.

 

Tsarin juya silicon zuwa polysilicon yana buƙatar yanayin zafi sosai. A kasar Sin, makamashin wadannan hanyoyin yana fitowa ne daga kwal. Jihar Xinjiang tana da albarkatun kwal da yawa da karancin wutar lantarki, kuma samar da sinadarin polysilicon ya kai kashi 45% na abin da ake samarwa a duniya.

 

[12]Samar da hasken rana yana cinye kusan kashi 10% na azurfar duniya. Aikin hakar azurfa yana faruwa ne a Mexico, China, Peru, Chile, Ostiraliya, Rasha da Poland kuma yana iya haifar da matsaloli kamar gurɓataccen ƙarfe da tilasta ƙaura daga yankunan karkara.

 

Haka ma hakar ma'adinan tagulla da aluminium suna haifar da ƙalubalen amfani da ƙasa. Cibiyar nazarin yanayin kasa ta Amurka ta bayyana cewa, Chile ce ke da kashi 27 cikin dari na samar da tagulla a duniya, sai Peru (10%), China (8%) da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (8%). Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya (IEA) ta yi imanin cewa idan amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa ya kai kashi 100 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2050, bukatar tagulla daga ayyukan hasken rana zai kusan rubanya sau uku.

[13]Kammalawa

 

Shin wata rana makamashin hasken rana zai zama babban tushen makamashinmu? Farashin makamashin hasken rana yana faduwa kuma inganci yana inganta. A halin yanzu, akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na fasahar hasken rana da za a zaɓa daga ciki. Yaushe za mu gano fasaha ɗaya ko biyu kuma mu sa su yi aiki a zahiri? Yadda za a haɗa makamashin hasken rana cikin grid?

 

Juyin halittar makamashin rana daga ƙwararru zuwa na yau da kullun yana ba da haske game da yuwuwar sa don saduwa da wuce bukatun makamashinmu. Yayin da ƙwayoyin hasken rana na crystalline ke mamaye kasuwa a halin yanzu, ci gaban fasahar fim na bakin ciki da fasahohi masu tasowa irin su cadmium telluride da perovskites suna buɗe hanya don ƙarin ingantaccen aiki da haɗaɗɗun aikace-aikacen hasken rana. Har ila yau makamashin hasken rana yana fuskantar ƙalubale da yawa, kamar tasirin muhalli na haƙar ma'adinai da ƙulli a cikin samarwa, amma bayan haka, masana'anta ce mai saurin girma, sabbin abubuwa da kuma kyakkyawan fata.

 

Tare da daidaiton ma'auni na ci gaban fasaha da ayyuka masu ɗorewa, haɓakawa da haɓaka makamashin hasken rana zai ba da hanya ga mafi tsafta, mafi yawan kuzarin gaba. Saboda wannan, zai nuna gagarumin ci gaba a cikin haɗin gwiwar makamashin Amurka kuma ana sa ran zai zama mafita mai dorewa a duniya.